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A 

STATISTICAL 

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GF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 

ITS CONNECTION WITH 

AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES: 

AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE 

PUBLIC DEBT, REVENUES, AND EXPENDITURES 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 






WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TRADE, AGRICULTURE, AND MANUFACTURES 
OF THE COLONIES, PREVIOUS TO THEIR INDEPENDENCE. 

ACCOMPANIED WITH TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE 
PRINCIPLES AMD OBJECTS OF THE WORK. 



BY TIMOTHY 'PTKIJN*, ' ' ' 

A MEMBER OF THE HOliSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STA^F^, ,^-HOSt, 
THE STATE OF ( ONNECTICUT."* 



SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, 

PUBLISHED ' BY JAMES EASTBURN & CO. NEW-YORK, 
PRINTED BT HAMLEN & NEWTON, HARTFORD 

1817. 



p. 

1 4 T)3 



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up* 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



A second Edition of a Statistical View of the 
Commerce of the United States is presented to the 
public. The Statements and Tables, as far as 
practicable, are brought down, to the close of the 
year 1816. 

A few of the Tables in the first edition are omit- 
ted, to make room for others, deemed at present 
more important. A view of the public debt is giv- 
en, to the first day of January, 1817, and of the reve- 
nues and expenditures, to 1816. 

The valuations of houses, lands, and slaves in the 
several States, which have been completed, since 
the publication of the first edition, are also included. 
The result of the valuation shews an increase in 
the value of houses and lands, in the United States, 
since 1799, unexampled, in any country. 

The tariff of duties established in April, 1816, and 
a particular account of the American trade with Chi- 
na, from June, 1800, to January, 1803, are added, 
by way of Appendix. 

The new state of the world, in consequence of the 
late general peace in Europe, has rendered a minute 
acquaintance with the present commercial policy of 
foreign nations, as well as with the wealth and re- 



IV ADVERTISEMENT. 

sources of the United States, more than ever neces- 
sary, to the American merchant and statesman. A 
new Chapter is added, giving an account of some of 
the commercial regulations, affecting American 
commerce which have, either been renewed or adopt- 
ed, by foreign nations, since the general peace ; in- 
cluding also, a concise view of the operation of some 
parts of the commercial convention with Great-Bri- 
tain, on American navigation — to which is added a 
sum mar j of the acts lately passed, by the national 
legislature, tending to give permanent security, to 
the commercial and navigating interests of the 
United States. 

The favourable reception of the first edition, and 
the liberality experienced from a generous public, as 
well as from numerous individuals, have induced the 
author, to present to the public a corrected and en- 
larged Edition. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 



A spirit of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settle- 
ment of America — Policy of the European nations with respect to 
their American Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at dif- 
ferent periods — Report of the Board of Trade, concerning- the 
trade and manufactures of the Colonists, in the year 1731 and 
1732 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — Bounties given 
on the importation of certain articles into England, the produce of 
the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different peri- 
ods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several 
Colonies— Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the year 
1770. 



CHAPTER II. 



Commerce interrupted, during the American revolutionary war — 
Old Congress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on 
imports — Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon 
the states for the payment of it not complied with — Power to levy 
certain duties on imports not granted to the old Congress by the 
states — Depreciation of the public debt — Exports from the United 
Suites to Great-Britain, and imports from Great-Britain, from 
1784, to 1790— Distressed state of the country — Meeting of Com- 
missioners at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the new Constitu- 
tion, and the organization of the government under it in 1789. 



FAGK. 



VI CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER m. 



Exports— Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign 
origin — Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, 
which are 1st, the produce of the sea — 2d, the produce of the for- 
est — 3d, the produce of agriculture — and 4lh, manufactures — Pro- 
ducts of the sea, derived from the cod and whale fisheries — State 
of the cod fishery previous to the American revolution, and to the 
time of the establishment of the present government — Number 
of vessels employed in this fishery from 1795 to 1815, and quantity 
offish exported during the same period — Whale fishery originated 
at Nantucket in 1690— Amount of tonnage and number of seamen 
employed in it at different periods— Value of exports, the produce 
of the fisheries from 1803 to 1816— Products of the forest — viz. 
lumber, naval stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, 
and oak bark, and other dyes — Value and quantity of each expor- 
ted at different periods. ------- 



CHAPTER IV. 



The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st, which constitutes 
vegetable food, as wheat, flour, rice, indian corn, rye, &c— 2d, the 
products of animals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cat- 
tle, horses, &c. — 3d, tobacco — 4th, cotton, and 5th, others of less 
importance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, &.c. — The quantity and value 
of each of these exported at different periods— Value of manufac- 
tures exported — A comparative view of the value of the products 
of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures export- 
ed in each vear from 1803 to 1816. - - - 109 



CHAPTER V. 



Trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe— their 
trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, 
and 1807 — Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods 
paying ad valorem duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 
1816 — Quantity of sugar and coffee, and goods subject to ad va- 



CONTENTS. V1L 

PAGE. 

lorem duties imported from different countries in 1807— Quantity 
of sugar and coffee exported to different countries, in different 
years— Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, 
exported in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. - - 165 

CHAPTER VI. 



Imports into the United States—Their trade with different parts 
of the world at different periods — Particular account of the trade 
with Great-Britain, France, and other countries — A comparative 
view of exports and imports in different years — Value of the 
principal articles imported at different periods — Amount of cotton 
and woollen goods imported from Great-Britain in 1806 and 1807, 
and wines and brandies from France — Origin of their trade with 
China and the East-Indies— Quantity of teas imported in different 
years from 1790 to 1812. 18: 



CHAPTER VH. 

Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance 
of trade — Estimate of*the quantity of certain imported articles 
consumed in the United States, at different periods. - 275 

CHAPTER Vni 



Xew state of the world in consequence of the late peace in Europe 
— Provisions of the commercial convention with Great-Britain in 
1815, and their operation on the commerce and navigation of the 
United States — Some of the late commercial regulations and du- 
ties of Russia, France, Great-Britain, &c. — Navigation act passed 
by Congress in March, 1817— Some of its provisions— Amount of 
exports of domestic and foreign articles, to different nations and 
countries, in 1816 — Amount of imports into the United States f.om 
all parts of the world, and from Great-Britain and dependencies, in 
1815. - - ... 292 



Vlll CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IX. 



Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Fund- 
ed, and on what terms— Sinking Fund— Increase or decease of the 
debt at different periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at 
the time of the declaration of the late war between the United 
States and Great-Britain — Its increase since — Amount and terms 
of the late loans, and issues of Treasury Notes — Sketch of the na- 
tional debt and sinking fund of Great-Britain. - - 307 



CHAPTER X. 



Revenues, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage — 
Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of 
the Government, to June 30th, 1816 — Gross and net.amountof the 
customs, accruing annually, in each state and territory, from the 
commencement of the Government, to 1815, with the amount of 
drawbacks, &c— An account of internal duties laid prior to 1802 — 
Amount received, prior to, and since their repeal in that year — 
Various internal taxes laid since 1812— Direct taxes, laid at dif- 
ferent periods — Amount of the valuation of lands and houses, in 
1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands and houses, in 1799, 
and 1814, and 1815 — Proceeds of sales of public lands — Estimate 
of the quantity of public lands yet unsold — Post-Office establish- 
ment — Amount of postage received — Receipts and expenditures, at 
different periods. - - - - 351 



CHAPTER XI. 



Tonnage of the United States— Amount employed in foreign trade, 
and in the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of Amer- 
ican tonnage, from 1763 to 1801 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 
1801, and in the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Balti- 
more, and Charleston— Vessels built, from 1804 to 1813— Compar- 
ative view of American tonnage, with that of other nations— A - 
mount of foreign tonnage, in American foreign trade, at different 
periods, and ihe nations to which it belonged — American navy, 
January 1st, 1816. - . 435 



CONTENTS 

OF THE TABLES ANNEXED TO THE CHAPTERS, 



CHAPTER I. 



PAGE. 



Table No. I.— -Value of imports and exports of the North-Ame- 
rican Colonies, in 1769, 19-20 

No. II. — An account of the principal articles exported from the 
North- American Colonies, &c and the countries to which the 
articles were sent, with their official value, in 1770, - - 21-23 



CHAPTER HI. 



Table No. I. — A summary statement of the value of the exports 
of the several States and Territories, annually, from the 1st of Oc- 
tober, 1790, to the 30th of September, 1816, ... - 51-54 

No. n. — Value of exports, the growth, produce, and manufacture of 
the United States, from each State and Territory, annually, from 
1802 to 1816, 55-56 

No. III. — Value of exports, the growth, produce and manufacture of 

foreign countries, from each State, &c. from 1802 to 1816. 57-58 

No. IV. — Aggregate of articles exported from the United States, 

from 1791 to 1816, -------- 59-82 

No. V. — State of the cod fishery in Massachusetts, from 1765 to 
1775, and from 1789 to 1790, - 83 

No. VI— Produce of the fisheries, exported from 1789 to 1790, 84 

No. VII.— The countries to which cod fish dried and pickled was 

exported, from 1800-to 1816, ... - 85-88 

No. Vffl. and IX. — Slate of the whale fishery in Massachusetts, 

from 1771 to 1775, and from 1787 to 1789, - - 89-90 

B 



CONTEXTS. 



No. X.— The countries, to which whale and spermaceti oil was ex- 
ported from 1800 to 1816, .... 91-94 

No. XL XII. and XIII.— Do. staves and heading-, shingles, boards 

and plank, do. ----- - 95-100 

No. XIV. XV. XVI. anu XVII. — Do. tar and turpentine, pot and 

pearl ashes. 101-108 



CHAPTER IV 



Table No. I— The countries to which wheat was exported, from 

1800 to 1816. ...... 147 

No. II. do. Flour, do. 149 

No. III. do. Rice, do. 151 

No. IV. do. Beef, do. 153 

No. V. do. Pork, do. 155 

No. VI. do. Tobacco, do. 157 

No. VII. do. Cotton, Sea-Island, do. 159 

161 



No. VIII. 



do. 



other Cotton, 



do. 



CHAPTER V. 



Table No. I. 


do. 


No. 11. 


do. 


No. III. 


do. 



Brown Sugar, 
White do. 
Cofl'ee, 



do. 
do. 
do. 



176 
179 

180 



CHAPTER VI. 



Table No. I. — Value of imports into the United States, from each 

nation and dependencies, from 1795 to 1801, - - 250 

No. II. — Value of exports from the United States, to each nation 

and dependencies, from 1795 to 1802, ... 253 

No. III. — Amount of goods imported into the United States, in 1807, 256 

No. IV. — Amount of goods imported into the United States, from 
all parts of the World, and from Great-Britain and dependencies, 
1815, ... .... 053 

No. V.— Imports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland,) into 
the United States, in 1806, 1807 and 1S08, including the articles 
and their value, - - - 262 



CONTENTS. XI 



No. VI.— Exports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland) to 
the United States, in 1806, 1807 and 1808, including the articles 
and their value, ...... 264 

No. VII. — Total official and real value of all imports into, and ex- 
ports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland, the East-Indies, 
and China,) ...... 266 

No. VTII. — Total value of woollen manufactures, exported from 
Great-Britain, from 1790 to 1799, and the countries to which 
exported, .-.---. 267 

No. IX. — Exports from the United States, to the British West-In- 
dies, in 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing quantity and value of 
the articles. ...... 268 

No. X. — Imports into the United States, from the British West In- 
dies in 1802, 1803 and 1804, including quality and value, with 
amount of duty on the same, .... . . 270 

No. XI. — Principal exports from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to 
the United States, from 1783 to 1804, and number of Amer- 
ican ships employed in each year, in the intercourse between 
that port and the United States, 271 



CHAPTER VII. 



Table No. I.— -Number of inhabitants in the United States, and in 

each State and Territory in 1790, 285 

No. n. do. in 1800, ...... 286 

No. in. do. in 1810, 288 



CHAPTER IX. 



Table No. I — Amount of the national debt of Great-Britain, in 
1689, and at the commencement and termination of each war 
since, to February 1st, 1813, 349 

No. II.— Amount of money applied to the redemption of the nation- 
al funded debt of Great -Britain, and of capital and interest re- 
deemedfrom 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce of the 
sinking fund at that time, 350 



XI* CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER X. 



PAGE 



Table No. I. — Statement exhibiting the gross and net amount of 
the Customs, together with the amount of drawbacks, &c. and 
expences of collection, in each State and Territory, from the com- 
mencement of the present government, annually, to the 31st day 
of December, 1815, 386 

No. II.— A general view of the assessment and apportionment of 
the direct tax, laid by the acts of Congress, of July 9th and July 
14ih, 1798, 417 

No. III.— Table of the post-office establishment, from 1789 to 1816, 

inclusive, ...._._ 419 

No. IV. — A statement of the annual receipts and expenditures of 
the United States, from the 3d day of March, 1789, up to the 
31st of March, 1815 (exclusive of monies received from foreign 
and domestic loans, and payments on account of the foreign and 
domestic debt, and on account of the revolutionary government,) 
formed in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representa- 
tives of the United States, of the 20th of January, 1816, - 420 



CHAPTER XI. 



Table No. I.— Registered tonnage employed in foreign trade in 

each Siaie, from 1793 to 1815, - - - 435 

No. II. — Enrolled tonnage employed in the coasting trade in each 

State, from 1793 to 1615, ..... 438 

No. in.— Comparative statement of the tonnage of Vessels entered 
into the United States, from the commencement of the present 
government to the 31st day of December, 1815, - - 444 



CHAPTER I. 



A Spirit of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settlement of 
America — Policy of the European nations with respect to their American 
Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at different periods — Report 
of the Board of Trade, concerning the trade and manufactures of the Co- 
lonists, in the year 1731 and 1732— Colonies restricted in some manufac- 
tures — Bounties given on the importation of certain articles into England, 
the produce of the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at differ- 
ent periods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several 
Colonies — Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the year 1770. 



./jL SPIRIT of commercial enterprise, which prevailed in the 
14th century, and a desire to find a new route to the wealth of In- 
dia, led to the important discovery of the western Continent. The 
new race of beings which inhabited the new world, as it was called, 
excited the curiosity of all Europe ; and the valuable production- 
found there, particularly the vast quantities of the precious metals, 
soon interested most of the commercial nations in that quarter of the 
old world. Individuals, as well as governments, were solicitous to share 
in the advantages of this discovery ; and numerous adventures, both 
public and private, were set on foot, some for the purpose of further 
discoveries and conquest, and others for the purpose of trade and com- 
merce. The Spaniards, the English, the French, the Portuguese, the 
Dutch, and the Danes and Swedes, at different periods, in conse- 
quence of prior discoveries or settlements, had claims, more or less 
extensive, to different parts of the western Continent. The avarice 
of Henry VII. of England prompted him to employ the Cabots ; in 
the discovery of the northern part of the Continent, which was after- 
wards called North-America. 

In consequence of the discoveries made by these bold navigators, al- 
most the whole of North- America was claimed by him. and at suhse- 

1 



quent periods, was by his successors granted, from the 29th to the 48th 
degree of north latitude, and in extent, from the Atlantic to the 
South -Sea. 

Under these various grants, at different periods, the North-Ameri- 
can Colonies were settled, and principally from the enterprise of in- 
dividuals. 

The Colonies, thus settled by emigrations from Europe, were con- 
sidered as a part, or rather an appendage, of the nation, from which 
they originated, and under whose patronage they were settled. But 
a new kind of policy, which has been called a colonial policy, was 
adopted respecting them, by all the European nations ; a policy, which 
had for its object, the particular interest and prosperity of the parent 
country, without much regard to the interest and prosperity of the 
Colonies themselves. The trade and commerce of the Colonies was 
generally confined to the parent country. The right of trading with 
their Colonies was, by some of the European nations, granted ex- 
clusively to particular companies. By others, the colonial trade 
was limited to particular ports, and afterwards to particular ships, 
called registered ships. The policy of Great-Britain, though general- 
ly more liberal than any other European nation, has always been, 
to secure to herself the carriage of the produce of her Colonies, to 
monopolize their raw materials, and to furnish the Colonists with all 
the manufactures, or other imported articles they consume. Lord 
Sheffield, in his " Observations on American commerce," says, " the 
only use and advantage of American Colonies, or West-India islands, 
is the monoply of their consumption, and the carriage of their pro- 
duce." In pursuance of this policy, as early as 1660, in the celebra- 
led act of Parliament, entitled " An Act for the encouraging and in- 
creasing of shipping and navigation," it is enacted (Chap. 18,) 
-That from and alter the 1st day of April 1661, no sugars, to- 
bacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustick. or other dying woods, 
of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in 
America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or trans- 
itu! ted from any of the said English Plantations, to any land, island, 
territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such 
other English Plantations as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and 
successors, or to the Kingdom of England or Ireland, or Principality 



of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, there to be laid on shote, 
under the penalty of the forfeiture of the said goods, or the full value 
thereof, as also of the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel," &c. — 
And all vessels sailing to the Plantations are to give bonds, to bring 
said commodities to England. 

In 1663, another act of Parliament prohibited the importation in- 
to any of the English Colonies, in Asia, Africa, or America, of any 
commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, ex- 
cept they were laden or shipped in England, Wales, or the town of 
Berwick upon Tweed, and in English built shipping, or which were 
bought before the first day of October, 1662, &c. and which were to be 
carried directly to the said Colonies, &c. with an exception of " salt 
for the fisheries, wines from Madeira and Azores, and all sorts of 
victuals from Scotland and Ireland."* — The British Colonies, there- 
fore, by this act, could obtain no European goods, but through the 
ports in England. A drawback of the duties, however, was generally 
allowed on the exportation of those goods to the Colonies. 

Before the Independence of the United States, and subsequent to 
the year 1766, the trade of the British Colonies, as to their exports, was 
limited to the parent country, to that part of Europe which lies south 
of Cape Finisterre, to certain parts of Africa, and to the West- Indies. 
Many of the most valuable articles of colonial produce were confined 
to the market of the parent country. — To those enumerated in the act of 
navigation before recited, many others were, afterwards, at different 

* The preamble to this act (15 Charles II.) shews the policy which 
'then prevailed in Europe, respecting distant Colonies. It is in the follow- 
ing words : — " And in regard his Majesty's Plantations beyond the seas 
are inhabited and peopled by his subjects of this his Kingdom of ^England, 
for the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between them? 
and keeping them in a firmer dependence upon it, and rendering them yet 
more beneficial and advantageous unto it, in the further employment and 
increase of English shipping and seamen, vent of English woolens, and oth- 
er manufactures and commodities, rendering the navigation to and from the 
same more safe and cheap, and making this Kingdom a staple, not only of 
the commodities of these plantations, but also of the commodities of other 
countries and places for the supplying of them, and it being the usage of 
other nations, to keep their plantation trade to themselves, Be it Enact 
ed." &c-. 



periods, added, sucb as molasses, tar, pitch, turpentine, hemp, masts, 
yards, copper ore, pig and bar iron, pot and pearl ashes, beaver skins, 
whale fins, hides, &:c. Rice and lumber were once among the enu- 
merated commodities, as those were called, which could only be ship- 
ped to Great-Britain. They were afterwards, however, permitted to 
be carried to that part of Europe, lying south of Cape Finisterre. 
The non enumerated commodities, as those were called, which were 
not confined to the market of Great-Britain, could originally be ship- 
ped to any part of the world ; but by the 6th of George III. (1766) 
were limited, in the same manner as rice and lumber, to the part of 
Europe south of Cape Finisterre. 

The Colonies sent to Africa, New-England rum, and such articles 
as were necessary for the purchase of slaves. The trade of the Col- 
onies, and particularly the northern Colonies, to the West-India isl- 
ands, was, from their first settlement, of great importance. They 
sent their fish, grain, and other provisions, lumber, &c. to the for- 
eign West-India islands, as well as to the British ; and received, in 
return, rum, sugar, coffee, salt, molasses, and such other articles as 
were permitted to be brought from them. This trade with the for- 
eign West-India islands was always considered, by the Colonists, as 
highly advantageous, but was viewed, by the British merchants, and 
the West-India planters, with no small degree of jealousy. As 
the population of the Colonies increased, this trade also increased ; 
and the superior fertility of some of the foreign West-India islands 
gave them great advantages over the British planter. With the in- 
crease of wealth and population, the Colonists began also to introduce 
sundry manufactures, for their own consumption, such as woolen and 
linen cloths, iron, hats, paper, kc. This excited the jealousy of the 
British manufacturer, and various complaints were made to the Lords 
Commissioners of trade and Plantations, and to Parliament, by the 
merchants, planters, ajpd manufacturers, that the Colonists were car- 
rying on trades, and setting up manufactures injurious to them, and 
to the interest of the parent country. In consequence of these com- 
plaints, the British house of Commons, in 1731, directed the Board 
of trade and Plantations, to moke a report " with respect to laws 
made, manufactures set up, or trade carried on in the Colonies, de- 
tri mental to the trade, navigation, or manufactures of Great-Britain." 



In pursuance of this order, the Board of trade, on the 15th Feb. 
1731-2, made a report, which, as it contains a statement relative, to 
the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, at that period, is here in- 
serted. — They say, " The following complaints have been lately 
made to this Board, against some plantation laws, viz. in Massachu- 
setts Bay, an act was made to encourage the manufacture of paper, 
which law interferes with the profit made by the British merchants 
on foreign paper sent thither. 

" In New-England, New- York, Connecticut, Rhode-Island, Penn- 
sylvania, and in the county of Somerset in Maryland, they have fall- 
en into the manufacture of woolen cloth and linen cloth, for the use of 
their own families only ; for the product of these Colonies being chief- 
ly cattle and grain, the estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on 
farming, which could not be managed, without a certain quantity of 
sheep ; and their wool would be entirely lost, were not their servants 
employed, during winter, in manufacturing it, for the use of their 
families. 

" Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants man- 
ufactured them into coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for 
their horses, which they found did more service, than those they had 
from any part of Europe. 

" However, the high price of labour in general in America rendered 
it impracticable for people there to manufacture their linen cloth at 
less than 20 per cent, more than the rate in England, or woolen 
cloth at less than 50 per cent, dearer, than that which is exported 
from home lor sale. It were to be wished, that some expedient might 
be fallen upon, to direct their thoughts from undertakings of this nature ; 
so much the rather, because these manufactures, in process of time, 
may be carried on, in a greater degree, unless an early stop be put 
to their progress by employing them in naval stores. Wherefore, 
we take leave to renew our repeated proposals, that reasonable en- 
couragement be given to the same. Moreover, we find that certain 
trades carried on, and manufactures set up there, are detrimental to 
the trade, navigation, and manufactures of Great-Britain. For the 
state of these Plantations varying almost every year, more or less, 
in their trade and manufactures, as well as in other particulars, we 
thought it necessary for hi" majesty's service, and for the discharge 



of our trust, from time to time, to send general queries to the several 
Governours in America, that we might be the more exactly informed 
of the condition of the Plantations, among which there were several, 
that related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the 
following returns, viz. : The Governour of New-Hampshire, in his an- 
swer said, that there were no settled manufactures in that Province, 
and that their trade principally consisted in lumber and fish. 

" The Governour of Massachusetts Bay informed us, that in some 
parts of this province, the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax 
into an ordinary coarse cloth for their own use, but did not export any. 
That the greatest part of the woolen and linen clothing, worn in this 
Province, was imported from Great-Britain, and sometimes from Ire- 
land ; but considering the excessive price of labour in New-England, 
the merchants could afford what was imported cheaper, than what was 
made in that country. That there was also a few hat makers in the 
maritime towns, and that the greater part of the leather, used in that 
country, was manufactured among themselves. That there had been 
/or many years some iron works in that Province, which bad afforded 
the people iron for some of their necessary occasions ; but that the 
iron imported from Great-Britain was esteemed much the best, and 
wholly used by the shipping ; and that the iron works of the Province 
were not able to supply the twentieth part of what was necessary for 
the use of the country. 

" They had no manufactures in the Province of New- York, that 
deserve mentioning; their trade consisted chiefly in furs, whale-bone, 
oil, pitch, tar, and provisions. No manufactures in New-Jersey, that 
deserve mentioning ; their trade being chiefly in provisions shipped 
from New-York and Pennsylvania. The chief trade of Pennsylvania 
lay in their exportation of provisions and lumber ; no manufactures 
being established, and their clothing and utensils for their houses be- 
ing all imported from Great-Britain. By further advices from New- 
Hampshire, the woolen manufacture appears to have decreased, the 
common lands, on which the sheep used to feed, being now appropri- 
ated, and the people almost wholly clothed with woolen from Great- 
Britain. The manufactures of flax, into linens, some coarse, some 
fine, daily increased, by the great resort of people from Ireland thith- 
er, who are well skilled in that business. By late accounts from 



Massachusetts Bay, in New-England, the Assembly have voted a 
bounty of thirty shillings for every piece of duck or canvass made in 
the Province. Some other manufactures are carried on there, as 
brown holland, for women's wear, which lessens the importation of 
calicoes, and some other sorts of East-India goods. 

44 They also make some small quantities of cloth, made of linen 
and cotton for ordinary sheeting. By a paper mill set up three years 
ago, they make to the value of £200 sterling yearly. There are also 
several forges for making bar iron, and some furnaces for cast iron 
or hollow ware, and one slitting mill, and a manufacture for nails. 
The Governour writes concerning the woolen manufacture, that the 
country people, who used formerly to make most of their clothing out of 
their own wool, do not now make a third part of what they wear, but 
are mostly clothed with British manufacture. The surveyor general 
of his Majesty's woods writes, that they have in New-England, six 
furnaces and nineteen forges, for making iron, and that in this Prov- 
ince many ships are built for the French and Spaniards, in return for 
rum, molasses, wines, and silks, which they truck there by conniv- 
ance. Great quantities of hats are made in New-England, of which 
the company of hatters in London have complained to us, that great 
quantities of these hats are exported to Spain, Portugal, and our 
West-India Islands. They also make all sorts of iron work for ship- 
ping. There are several still houses and sugar bakers established in 
New-England. By late advices from New- York, there are no man- 
ufactures there, that can affect Great-Britain. There is yearly im- 
ported into New- York, a very large quantity of the woolen manufac- 
tures of this kingdom, for their clothing, which they would be render- 
ed incapable to pay for, and would be reduced to the necessity of ma- 
king for themselves, if they were prohibited from receiving from the 
foreign sugar Colonies, the money, rum, molasses, cocoa, indigo, cot- 
ton-wool, &c. which they at present take in return for provisions, 
horses, and lumber, the produce of that Province and of New-Jersey, 
of which he affirms the British Colonies do not take off above one 
half. But the company of hatters of London have since informed us, 
that hats are manufactured in great quantities in this Province. 

" By the last letters from the Deputy Governour of Pennsylvania, 
he does not know of any trade carried on, in that Province, that cm 



be injurious to this Kingdom. They do not export any woolen or 
linen manufactures ; all that they make, which are of a coarse sort, 
being for their own use. We are farther informed, that in this Prov- 
ince are built many brigantines and small sloops, which they sell to 
the West-Indies. The Governour of Rhode-Island informs us, in an- 
swer to our queries, that there are iron mines there, but not a fourth 
part iron enough to serve their own use ; but he takes no notice of 
any manufactures there. No return from the Governour of Connec- 
ticut. But we find, by some accounts, that the produce of this Colo- 
ny is timber, boards, all sorts of English grain, hemp, flax, sheep, 
black cattle, swine, horses, goats, and tobacco. That they export 
horses and lumber to the West-Indies, and receive, in return, sugar, 
salt, molasses, and rum. We likewise find, that their manufactures 
are very inconsiderable ; the people there being generally employed 
in tillage, some few in tanning, shoemaking, and other handicrafts ; 
others in building, and in joiner's, tailor's and smith's work, without 
which they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the 
Bahama, nor the Bermuda isles." 

The Commissioners then proceed to say, — " From the foregoing 
state, it is observable, that there are more trades carried on, and man- 
ufactures set up, in the Provinces on the Continent of America, to the 
northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of 
Great-Britain, particularly in New-England, than in any other of the 
British Colonies ; which is not to be wondered at, for their soil, cli- 
mate, and produce being pretty nearly the same with ours, they 
have no staple commodities of their own growth to exchange for our 
manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as well as 
under greater temptations, for providing for themselves at home ; to 
which may be added, in the charter governments, the little depend- 
ence they have upon the mother country, and consequently the small 
restraint they are under, in any matters detrimental to her interests. 
And, therefore, we humbly beg leave to repeat and submit to the wis- 
dom of this honourable house, the substance of what we formerly pro- 
posed in our report, on the silk, linen, and woolen manufactures 
herein before recited, namely? whether it might not be expedient to 
give these Colonies proper encouragements for turning their industry 
10 such manufactures and products, as might be of service to Great- 



9 

Britain, and more particularly to the production of all kinds of naval 

stores."* 

* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3. 

Note. The British merchants and manufacturers were alwa}^ jealous 
of the trade and manufactures of the northern Colonies, and particularly of 
New-England. Sir Josiah Child, in his discourse on trade, written about; 
the year 1680, says, " That New-England is the most prejudicial Plantation 
to this Kingdom." In attempting to prove this he says " I am now to write 
of a people, whose frugality, industry, and temperance, and the happiness of 
whose laws and institutions, promise to them long life, with a wonderful 
increase of people, riches, and power ; and although no men ought to envy- 
that virtue and wisdom in others, which themselves either can or will not 
practise, but rather to commend and admire it ; yet I think it is the duty 
of every good man primarily to respect the welfare of his native coun- 
try ; and therefore, though I may offend some, whom I would not wil- 
lingly displease, I cannot omit, in the progress of this discourse, to take 
notice of some particulars, wherein old England suffers diminution by the 
growth of these Colonies settled in New-England, and how that Plantation 
differs from those more southerly, with respect to the gain or loss of this 
Kingdom, viz. 

l< I. All our American Plantations, except that of New-England, produce 
commodities of different natures from those of this Kingdom, as sugar, to- 
bacco, cocoa, wool, ginger, sundry sorts of dying woods, &c. Whereas 
New-England produces generally the same we have here, viz. corn and cat- 
tle ; some quantity offish they do likewise kill, but that is taken and saved 
altogether by their own inhabitants, which prejudices our Newfoundland 
trade, where, as has been said, very few are, or ought, according to pru- 
dence, to be employed in those fisheries, but the inhabitants of old England, 
The other commodities we have from them are some few great masts, furs, 
and train oil, of which the yearly value amounts to very little, the much 
greater value of returns from them being made in sugar, cotton, wool, to- 
bacco, and such like commodities, which they first receive from some other 
of his Majesty's Plantations, in barter for dry cod fish, salt mackerel, beef; 
pork, bread, beans, flour, peas, &c. which they supply Barbadoes, Jamaica. 
&c. with, to the diminution of the vent of those commodities from this 
Kingdom ; the great experience of which in our West-India Plantations would 
soon be found in the advantage of the value of our lands in England, were 
it not for the vast and almost incredible supplies these Colonies have from 
New-England. 2. The people of New-England, by virtue of their primitive 
charter, being not so strictly tied to the observation of the laws of this King- 
dom, do sometimes assume the liberty of trading., contrary to the act of na- 

2 



10 

This report exhibits a view, although a very imperfect one, of the 
slate of the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, about the year 

rai-2. 

The Gcvernours of the several Provinces and Colonies, especially 
those who were independent of the crown, aware of the object of the 
queries put to them by the Lords Commissioners, returned answers as 
favourable as possible to the Colonists, and which would least excite 
the jealousy of the British merchant and manufacturer. 

The disputes, however, between the British West-India sugar 
Colonies and the northern Colonies, concerning the trade of the latter 
with the foreign West-India islands, still continued with great 
warmth, and in 1733, in order to settle this dispute, and to encour- 
age their own sugar Colonies, Parliament passed an act, (6 George II. 
c. 13,) " For the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Ma- 
jesty's sugar Colonies in America." 

This act imposed a duty of nine pence sterling on every gallon of 
rum, six pence on every gallon of molasses, and five shillings on eve- 
ry hundredweight of sugar, imported into any of the British Planta- 
tions in America from foreign sugar Colonies. This duty was af- 
terwards reduced to six pence on rum, and three pence on mo- 
lasses. The duty was always very odious to the northern Colo- 
nists. It was justly considered by them as sacrificing their interest 
to the interest of the sugar planter. And it is well known that al- 
though this duty was attempted to be collected in the Colonies, by 
officers appointed by the crown, and by severe legal penalties, yet, 

vigation ; by reason of which, many of our American commodities especial- 
ly tobacco and sugar, are transported in New-English shipping, directly in- 
to Spain, and other foreign countries, without being landed in England, or 
paying any duty to his Majesty ; which is not only a loss to the King, and a 
prejudice to the navigation of old England, &c. 

"3. Of all the American Plantations, his Majesty has none so apt for the 
building of shipping as New-England, nor none comparably so qualified for 
the breeding of seamen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that 
people, but principally by reason of their cod and mackerel fisheries ; and 
in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in prospect more 
dangerous to any mother Kingdom, than the increase of shipping in her Co 
loifies, Plantations, or Provinces." 



11 

by smuggling or some other way, the payment of it was general 
ly evaded. In consequence of the statements in this report, relative 
to the manufacture and exportation of hats from the Colonies, and un- 
doubtedly at the instigation of the manufacturers of that article m 
Great-Britain, Parliament passed an act, (5 George II. 1732,) " to 
prevent the exportation of hats out of any of his Majesty's Colonies or 
Plantations in America, and to restrain the number of apprentices 
taken by the hat-makers in the said Colonies or Plantations, and for 
the better encouraging the making of hats in Great-Britain." By 
this act, not only was the exportation of hats prohibited to a foreign 
port, but their transportation from one British Plantation to ano- 
ther British Plantation was also prohibited, under severe penalties; 
nor could they " be loaden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage, 
to the intent or purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off," &c. 
By the same act no person could make hats, unless he had served an 
apprenticeship for seven years, nor could he employ more than two 
apprentices at any one time. 

The making of pig and bar iron had become an object of some 
consequence in the Colonies. The British government were willing 
to encourage the importation of it into England, in its raw and un- 
manufactured state, but were opposed to the manufacture of it in the 
Colonies. In the year 1750, therefore, an act was passed, (23 
George II.) " to encourage the importation of pig and bar iron from 
his Majesty's Colonies in America, and to prevent the erection of any 
mill, or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any plating 
forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, in 
any of said Colonies." By this act, pig iron is admitted into Eng- 
land duty free, and bar iron is admitted duty free, into the port 
of London. But the erection of any slitting mill, plating forge, or 
furnace for making steel, is prohibited under severe penalties. 
While the British government were thus jealous of the trade and ma- 
nufactures of the Colonies, which were supposed to interfere with the 
particular interests of the mother country, they were disposed to en- 
courage the production of such raw materials as were necessary for 
their manufactures, and such other articles as could not be raised in 
England, but for which they were entirely, or in a great measure, 
dependent upon other countries. At different periods, therefore. 



12 

Parliament offered liberal bounties on the importation of various arti- 
cles into Great-Britain, which were the growth and production of the 
Colonies. By the 3 and 4 Ann, c. 10, (1706) a large bounty was 
given on the importation of tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, masts, yards, 
and bowsprits, from the Colonies ; and at subsequent periods, a boun- 
ty was given upon indigo, hemp, and flax, and timber of different 
kinds, raw silk, and on pipe, hogshead, and barrel staves. The so- 
ciety also instituted at London, in 1753, " for the encouragement of 
arts, manufactures, and commerce," offered liberal premiums for the 
production and culture of certain articles in the British Colonies. 

In 1762, this society gave premiums on the importation of the fol- 
lowing articles from the Colonies, viz. cochineal, sturgeon, raw silk, 
scammony, opium, persimon gum, silk grass, safHower, pot and pearl 
ashes; and on the culture of logwood, olive trees, vines for raisins, 
vines for wines, cinnamon, aloes, hemp, silk, and sarsaparilla. 

POPULATION, EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS OF THE COLONIES. 

In 1749, the whole white population of the North American Colo- 
nies, now the United States, was estimated at 1,046,000. The num- 
ber in each Colony was estimated as follows, viz. 

New-Hampshire - - - 30,000 

Massachusetts Bay - - - 220,000 

Rhode-Island - - - 35,000 

Connecticut 100,000 

New- York - 100,000 

Jersies 60,000 

Pennsylvania and Delaware - 250,000 

Maryland - - - 85,000 

Virginia - 85,000 

North-Carolina - - 45,000 

South-Carolina ... - 30,000 

Georgia - - - 6,000 

At this period, the annual value of the imports into these Colonics. 

from England, was about £900,000 sterling. Dr. Franklin* states 

the value of the imports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland.) 

* Fourth volume Franklin's Works, page 69- 



13 

into the northern Colonies, at two different periods, viz. from 1744 to 
1748, and from 1754 to 1758, taken, as is supposed, from the English 
custom-house books, as follows, viz. 

1744 - - - £640,114 12 4 

1745 .... 534,316 2 5 

1746 - - - 754,945 4 3 

1747 . - - 726,648 5 5 

1748 - - - 830,243 16 9 



Total - - £3,486,268 1 2 



1754 -•.,.- - - £1,246,615 1 11 

1755 - - - 1,177,848 6 10 

1756 - - - - 1,428,720 18 10 

1757 - - - 1,727,924 2 10 

1758 - - - 1,832,948 13 10 



Total - - £7,414,0^7 4 3 



The great increase of imports during the last period of five years 
was owing, undoubtedly, in no small degree, to the war then existing 
between England and France, and which occasioned greater ship- 
ments than usual to the Colonies, in order to supply the troops during 
those years. This war, which has generally been called the French 
war of 1755, was occasioned, in a great measure, by a contest for 
boundaries and limits in North- America, between the English and 
French. In all the former wars between these powers, the Colonists 
had been warmly engaged, and several attempts had been made 
by them to take possession of Canada and other parts of North- 
America then in possession of the French. In consequence of these 
attempts, and in defending themselves against the attacks of the 
French from Canada, great expenses had been incurred by the Colo- 
nies ; and having few resources, most of the colonial governments, at 
different periods, for the purpose of defraying these and other expen- 
ses, had issued paper money, but which in most if not in all instan- 
ces depreciated. 



n 

The Colonies felt themselves more than ever interested in the 
result of the contest, as to the boundaries between them and the 
French Canadian settlements. The French were making such en- 
croachments on the western and northern frontiers, as, if acquiesced 
in, would leave them but a small strip of territory along the Atlantic. 
They now, more than ever, felt the necessity of union and concert 
among themselves, for their mutual protection and defence, against 
these encroachments, and also of a general treasury, from which the 
expense of such protection and defence might be defrayed. For 
the purpose of forming such an union, Commissioners from New- 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode- Island, Connecticut, New- Jersey, 
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, met at Albany, in July, 1754. Com- 
missioners from the other Colonies were expected, but were not pre- 
sent. 

A plan of union was agreed upon by the commissioners present. 
This plan was submitted to the King and Parliament for their appro- 
bation, and to the Assemblies of the several Colonies, but was reject- 
ed by the former, as vesting too much power in the Colonies, and 
was disapproved by the latter as giving too much power to the crown. 
By this plan, " the general government was to be administered by a 
president general, to be appointed and supported by the crown, and a 
general council to be chosen by the representatives of the several 
Colonies met in their respective Assemblies." So far as respects the 
defence of the Colonies, the regulation of trade, and the collection of 
the taxes, this general government was authorized " to raise and pay 
soldiers, build forts for the defence of any of the Colonics, and equip 
vessels of force, to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the ocean, 
lakes, or great rivers ; but they were not to impress men in any Colo- 
ny, without the consent of the legislature. That for these purposes, 
they had power to make laws, and levy such general duties, imposts, 
and taxes, as to them should appear most equal and just, (considering 
the abilities, and other circumstances of the inhabitants in the several 
Colonies,) and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience 
to the people ; rather discouraging luxury, than loading industry with 
unnecessary burdens." 

Had this plan been adopted, the separation of the Colonies from 
the parent country might have been postponed for many years. 



48,592 7 
56,690 4 
75,295 3 
82,404 17 
201,666 19 11 
248,426 6 6 



15 



The importation and consumption of foreign articles into the Colo- 
nies increased with the increase of wealth and population. 

The following is an account of the value of imports from Great- 
Britain, into Pennsylvania, at different periods.* 

In 1723 the imports amounted only to - £15,993 19 
1730 they were 
1737 - 
1742 

1747 - 
1752 

1757 - 

In 1766, Doctor Franklin, in his examination before the House of 
Commons, stated, that the value of imports at that time into Pennsyl- 
vania was computed by the merchants, to be above £500,000. 
The tables of Lord Sheffield, in his " Observations on American 
Commerce," taken undoubtedly from the custom-house books, shew 
the value of the trade between Great-Britain, and that part of Ameri- 
ca, now the United States, from 1700 to 1780, to be as follows : 

IMPORTS FROM EXPORTS TO 

THE COLONIES, NOW UNITED STATES. 



Average 
from 1700 to 1710 


£265,783 





10 


£267,205 


3 


4 


from 1710 to 1720 


392,653 


17 


1* 


365,645 


6 


"i 


from 1720 to 1730 


578,830 


16 


4 


471,342 


12 


10a 


from 1730 to 1740 


670,128 


16 


o* 


660,i36 


11 


H 


from 1740 to 1750 


708,943 


9 


6i 


812,647 


13 


o^ 


from 1750 to 1760 


802,691 


6 


10 


1,577,419 


14 


n 


from 1760 to 1770 


1,044,591 


17 





1,763,409 


10 


3 


from 1770 to 1780 


743,560 


10 


10 


1,331,206 


1 


5 



It is difficult to ascertain, with accuracy, the value of the trade of the 
Colonies, previous to the year 1776. A smuggling trade was carried 



* Fourth volume of Franklin's Works 



16 

on to a considerable extent, not only with the foreign West- India 
islands, but some parts of Europe. The custom-house books, there- 
fore, do not furnish a true account of the whole trade of the Colonies. 
They must, however, be resorted to, as the best source of information. 
We have before stated, that, for some years previous to the American 
revolution, the trade of the Colonies was limited to Great-Britain, to 
that part of Europe lying south of Cape Finisterre, to the West-Indies, 
and to Africa. Table No. I. contains the official value in sterling 
money of the exports and imports from each of these countries, for 
the year 1769. From this it appears, that the exports from the sev- 
eral Colonies, now the United States, during that year, to Great-Brit- 
ain amounted to 

£1,531,516 8 6 
*To the South of Europe - - 552,736 11 2 
To the West-Indies - - 747,910 3 7 

To Africa - - - 20,278 5 1 



Total £2,852,441 8 4 
or about thirteen millions of dollars. 

And that the imports from Great-Britain amounted to 

£1,604,975 11 11 

From the South of Europe - - 76,684 9 11 

From the West-Indies - - 789,754 4 5 

From Africa - - - 151,998 



Total £2 5 623,412 6 3 
or about twelve millions of dollars. 

Those who have a curiosity to see the quantity, as well as the val- 
ue, of the various articles exported from the Colonies prior to the revo- 
lution, and the countries to which they were sent, so far as the cus- 
tom-house books will shew, may consult table No. II. which contains 
an account of the principal articles exported from the North Ameri- 
can Colonies, including the islands of New-Foundland, Bahama, and 
Bermuda, with (heir official value, and places of destination, for the 
vear 1770.1 

* Taken from Macphesson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3, page 571. 
t Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, and Lord Sheffield. 



17 

The total value of the articles ^Xported, as American produce, 
during the year 1770, from the Colonies, now the United States, in- 
cluding those exported from other Provinces, and from New-Found- 
land, Bahama, and Bermuda, was £3,356,159 10 2 

As little was exported from the other Provinces and the islands, 
except fish from New-Foundland, the value of the exports from the 
Colonies, now the United States, in that year, must have been, at 
least, three millions sterling, or about thirteen and a half millions of 
dollars. 

The value of imports from Great-Britain into the Colonies, for sev- 
eral years previous to 1775, was different in different years, in con- 
sequence of those disputes, which led to a separation, and of the non- 
importation agreements entered into among the Colonists. * 

The annual value of imports, on an average of six years, ending 
with 1774, of British manufactures, was £2,216,970 

The value of other articles, on an average of the 
same period, was - - 515,066 



Making for both - * £2,732,036* 

It is difficult also to ascertain the amount of tonnage employed in 
the trade of the Colonies, and particularly the amount owned by the 
Colonists themselves. 

The amount of tonnage entered from January 5th, 1770, to Janu- 
ary 5th, 1771, was three hundred thirty-one thousand six hundred 
and forty-four, and the amount cleared, three hundred fifty-one thou- 
sand six hundred and eighty-six. It will be observed, that the 
amount is taken from the custom-house books, and includes the entry 
of the same vessel, two or three times, or as often as the voyages were 
in the course of the year, and repeated although the tonnage as regis- 
tered is generally less than the real amount, yet the tonnage as entered 
and cleared is probably much above its real amount. The tonnage of 

* See report of the Lords of the committee of privy council, for trade, in 
Acheson's collection of reports and papers, on the navigation and trade of 
Great-Britain. 

3 



18 

vessels built in the Colonies in. the years 1769, 1770, and 1771,* 
was as follows, viz. • 

Tonnage. 
In 1769 - - - 20,001 

1770 - - 20,610 

1771 - - - 24,068 

Of this amount, a little more than one half was built in Massachu- 
setts and New-Hampshire. The trade of the Colonies was no doubt 
highly beneficial to Great-Britain, and was made more so, as she con- 
ceived, by her system of colonial policy ; and while she confined her- 
self to the regulation of the external trade of the Colonies, the Colo- 
nists acquiesced, though many of those regulations were considered 
by them, as injurious and oppressive. But when Parliament not on- 
]y imposed internal taxes upon the Colonies, without their consent, 
but declared, that they had a right to bind them in all cases whatsoev- 
er, this led to a resistance on their part, which finally ended in a se- 
paration. Some account of the footing on which the trade of the 
United States was placed with Great Britain, and her dependencies^ 
subsequent to the peace of 1783, will be given hereafter. 

* See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3, p. 570, 



19 





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21 



TABLE No. II. 

An account of the principal articles exported from all the British Continen- 
tal Colonies, including- the islands of New-Foundland, Bahama, and Ber- 
muda, wiih the places to which they were sent, and their official value, 
at the ports of exportation, during- the year 1770.* 



< 




1 

-> s 

1 

a 


SNi0^3iCOOH(NOOOOnoc0HHO0><0C1OO 

^ ^H J-H i-I i-H ,-1 iH tH i-l 1-1 i-l i-i tH iH iH rH 
HOOOON<nO)fOHOO<ONNOCOC)OOONKC9NHKCO(M 

h ^ S w £ " w i H t ,1, (N «t . p l H °.°l ^^l^^"* 00 

vfriCro^ — TuoCN 1-T CO i-Ti-^ Or* OtO i-» co cr> 
co?*c3 tCc^co^ co^-t coco COCO^I 

^ CO ^ ^ 


** £»o *" to co -h ^ <n v> »o h. cm a h 
£5 to co *o co *o i-t 


C 




33 « 8 

, i a> cn ■ ■ ■ • i i i • « i • i 


• i • i i • i 


I'o the 
West- 
Indies. 


351,625 

57,550 

20 

206,081 
29,582 

402,958 

21,438 

955 

49,337 

3 

2 

8 

83 

268 

7 


♦* o o 

fi-J 


^_o to n ai h i-i ih <o co 

COCO CO O -* CN C> <© "* *- 

^ to CO W J>. CT ^ *0 O r , , , (M ( 

^h CO b- CO 


\ 


To 
Ireland 


O 3 *fl '"O O *Q b, iO 

*o io ^ » >o co toco 

O Tji 
ro ^ 


CM 


r 


-ca 


1,173 

737 
4,865 

7,465 

22,u86 

123 

6,780 

11,739 

74,604 

86 

5,747 

2,102 


CO CN — 1 r-> t-1 O 

O O t^ O ^ 

-^vfc>* 

CO y-t 

in i-i 


i 

J 


43 


Pot ashes, tons 
Pearl do " 
Sperm, candles, lb. 
Tallow do. " 
Coals, chaldron, 
Caslorium, lb. 
Fish dried,quint'ls 
Fish, pickled,bbls. 
Flax-seed, bushels 
Indian Corn, " 
Oats, 

Wheat, " 
Peas & beans, " 
Ginseng-, lb. 
Hemp, tons 
Iron, pig-, 
Do. bar, " 
Do. cast, " 


Do. wrought, " 
Indig-o, lb. 
Whale oil, tons 
Do. fins, lb. 
Linseed oil, tons 
Copper ore, " 
Lead, do. " 



It is to be remembered, that in the account I have g-iven of the trade of 
all the Colonies, who have since withdrawn their allegiance from Great- 
Britain, as also in the subsequent one of the exports of the whole Colonies* 
the prices are rated by the official valuation, and consequently are conside- 
rably under the real amount. 

* In this account T have omitted the fractional parts of the quantities, which 
are of no 7ise in a general view, but their value is retained in the totals. The 
attentive reader may find some disagreements between the totals and the partic- 
ular numbers, owing partly to the omission of the fractional parts, and partly 
to errors which I saw, but had no means of correcting. 



22 



TABLE No. II. — roTCTiNTJED. 





1 


T-(OtOOOOOOOOOCO<OtOO*OOOOOOOOi~io 










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£ & 


nW'O^HMtON'nCMr-^coCOiOO^THViOONO^K 






^ R 


<0'*tNC10)CT;TO>HC1'>ttOOi'flO)00»^OKOClHH 








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■2 


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Bread and flour 
Meal, 

Potatoes, 

Beef and pork, 

[{utter, 

Cheese, 

New-England n 

Rice, 

Rougti rice, 

American loafs 

Raw silk, 

Soap, 

Si iocs, 

Ship stuff, 

Onions, 

Pilch, 

far, common, 

Do. green, 

Turpentine, 

Rosin, 

Oil of turpentin 

Masts, yards, & 

Walnut wood, 

Pine, oak, cedar 




S 



TABLE No. II. CONTINUED. 



3D 


8 

f £• 


; vi^o^nsodoooiNHPio 

H r-fi-Hi-H t-I tHtH»H 
1 ^b,O00{s.-"*000000tv-^C00b-K<O 

1. 1, °1 ^ ^ * w - ^ t, 1 ^ K « ^ °°„ "t 
to ih to 0*00 

1 


3,356,159 10 2 
81,554 17 


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1 

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to 

f 





CHAPTER II. 



Commerce interrupted during the American revolutionary war— Old Con? 
gress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on imports — 
Amount of the public debt in 1783— Requisitions upon the states for the 
payment of it not complied with— Power to levy certain duties on imports 
not granted to the old Congress by the states— Depreciation of the public 
debt— Exports from the United States to Great -Britain, and imports from 
Great-Britain, from 1784, to 1790— Distressed state of the country — 
Meeting of Commissioners at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the new 
Constitution, and the organization of the government under it in 1789. 

During the war of the revolution, the commerce of the United States 
was interrupted, not only with Great-Britain, but in a great measure 
with the rest of the world. The people were then compelled, to de- 
pend almost entirely upon themselves for supplies, not only of arms 
and munitions of war, but of those articles of common consumption, 
which they had previously imported from Great-Britain and else- 
where. Those articles, which their soil would not produce, or which 
they were unable to make, they were obliged to obtain, at great 
risque and expense, from other countries, or to be content without 
them. Encouragement was given to all the necessary manufactures, 
and the zeal, ingenuity, and industry of the people supplied the place 
of a foreign market. 

At the close of the war, when the United States became an inde- 
pendent nation, their commercial as well as political situation was 
new, and they had many difficulties to encounter. During a contest 
of more than seven years, their commerce was annihilated, their ship- 
ping nearly destroyed, public credit impaired, a vast debt accumulat- 
ed upon their hands, and the general government was ill calculated to 
repair these losses, and to bring into active operation the energies and 
resources of the nation. The whole expense of the war was more 
than one hundred and thirty-five millions of dollars.* About one 

* The whole expense of the revolutionary war cannot be ascertained, 

4 



half of this expense was paid by taxes, levied and collected during 
the war, and the residue remained a debt due from the United States, 
or from the individual states, on the return of peace. In April, 1783, 

with certainty. The following- are estimates of this expense, made out by 
the Register of the Treasury in the year 1790, and furnished a committee 
of the house of representatives of Congress. 

" General abstract of the annual estimates, and abstract statements of the 
tot;d amount of the expenditures and advances at the Treasury of the Uni- 
ted States. 

" The estimated amount of the expenditures of Dolls. 90ths. 

1775 and 1776 is in specie .... 20,064,666 66 

1777 24,986,646 85 

1778 24,289,4.38 26 

1779 10,794,620 65 

1780 3,000,000 00 

1781 1,942,465 30 

1782 3,632,745 85 

1783 3,226,583 45 

To Nov. 1st, 1784, as pr. schedule D. and subordinate 

accounts, 548,525 63 

Forming- an amount total of §92,485,693 15 

" The foregoing- estimates being- confined to actual Treasury payments, 
are exclusive of the debts of the United States, which were incurred at va- 
rious periods, for the support of the late war, and should be taken into a 
general view of the expense thereof, viz. : 

Dolls. 90ths- 
Army debt, upon commissioners' certificates, 11,080,576 1 

For supplies furnished by the citizens of the seve- 
ral states, and for which certificates were issued 
by the commissioners, ... 3,723,625 20 
For supplies furnished in the quorter-master, com- 
missary, hospital, clothing, and marine depart- 
ments, exclusive of the forag-ing", - - 1,159,170, 5 
For supplies, on accounts settled at the Treasury, 
and for which certificates were issued by the 
Register, 744,638 49 

Si 6,708,009 75 
•• Note. The loan office debt formed a part of the Treasury expendi- 
tures. 

"The foreign expenditures, civil, military, naval, 



27 

the debt of the United States (exclusive of the state debts) was esti- 
mated at $42,000,375, and the annual interest at $2,415,956. No 
funds had, at this time, been provided for the payment either of the in- 
terest or principal of this debt. The war being brought to a close, it 
became necessary for Congress to provide permanent funds for this 
purpose. It had been foreseen by many, that this could not be done, 
unless Congress had the power to regulate the commerce of the coun- 
try, or at least, were vested with a power to levy duties on imports. 
By the articles of confederation, this power was not delegated to 
them, but remained in the respective states, who had the right of lay- 
ing and collecting such duties on imports, as they judged proper for 
their own benefit. Congress could only recommend to the states, the 
propriety and necessity of delegating to them this power for the ben- 

and contingences, amount, by computation to 
the sum of $5,000,000 00 

" The expenditures of the several states, from the 
commencement of the war, to the establishment 
of peace, cannot be stated with any degree of 
certainty, because the accounts thereof remain 
to be settled. But as the United States have 
granted certain sums for the relief of the seve- 
ral states, to be funded by the general govern- 
ment, therefore, estimate the total amount of 
said assumption, - - - 21,000,000 00 



" Estimated expense of the late war, specie dolls., 135,193,703 00 
The advances made from the Treasury were principally in a paper medi- 
urn, which was called continental money, and which in a short time depre- 
ciated ; the specie value of it is given in the foregoing estimate. The ad- 
vances made at the Treasury of the United States, in continental money in 
old and new emissions, are estimated as follows, viz. :— 

OLD EMISSION NEW EMISSION. 

Dolls. 90ths. Dolls. 90ths, 

In 1776 .... 20,064,666 66 

1777 - - - 26,426,333 1 

1778 - 65,965,269 34 

1779 - - - 149^703,856 77 

1780 ... - 82,908,320 47 - 891,236 80 

1781 - - - 11,408,095 U0 - 1,179,249 Q 



(357,476,541 45 §2,070,485 80. 



28 

efit of all. Accordingly, as early as the 3d day of July, 1781, they 
passed a resolution, recommending it to the several states " as indis- 
pensably necessary that they vest a power in Congress to levy, for 
the use of the United States, a duty of live per cent, ad valorem, at 
the time and place of importation, upon all goods, wares, and mer- 
chandize of foreign growth and manufacture, which may be imported 
into any of the said states, from any foreign Port, Island, or Planta- 
tion, after the first day of May, 1731," with the exception of certain 
articles. They also, at the same time, resolved, " that the monies, 
arising from the said duties, be appropriated to the discharge of the 
principal and interest of the debts already contracted, or which may 
be contracted, on the faith of the United States, for supporting the 
war, and that the said duties be continued until the said debts be 
fully and finally discharged.'" The journals of the old Congress 
shew, that this resolution, in the opinion of some of the members of 
that body, was not sufficiently extensive ; but that Congress ought to 
have the general power of regulating the whole commerce of the 
states, and the exclusive right of laying duties on imported articles. 
A substitute was, therefore, proposed, couched in more general terms, 
declaring it to be " indispensably necessary, that the United States 
in Congress assembled, should be vested with a right of supei intend- 
ing the commercial regulations of every state, that none may take 
place, that shall be partial or contrary to the common interest; and 
that they should be vested with the exclusive right of laying duties 
upon all imported articles." This substitute was negatived, and the 
resolution which passed was not accepted by the states. On the 18th 
of April, 1783, Congress again urged the several states to establish 
some permanent funds for the payment of the debts of the United 
States. For this purpose, by a resolution of that date, they recom- 
mended to the states, " as indispensably necessary to the restoration 
of public credit, and to the punctual discharge of the public debts, to 
invest the United States in Congress assembled, with a power to levy, 
for the use of the United States, the following duties upon goods im- 
ported into the said states, from any foreign Port, Island, or Plantation. 
" Upon all rum, of Jamaica Proof, per gall. 4-90ths of a dollar. 

— all other spiritous liquors, - 3 " do. 

— Madeira wine, - ,. - - 12 " do. 



6" 


do. 


24 u 


do. 


3" 


do. 


**< 


do. 


2 " 


do. 


1 « 


do. 


1 " 


do. 


1 " 


do. 



29 

Upon all other wines, - - 6-90ths of a dollar. 

" — common Bohea Jtea, per lb. 

— all other teas, 

— pepper, 
•— brown sugar, 

— loaf sugar, - 

— all other sugars, 

— molasses, per gallon, 

— cocoa and coffee, 
and upon all other goods, a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, at time 
and place of importation ; with a proviso that none of the said duties 
should be applied to any other purpose, than the discharge of the in- 
terest and principal of the debts contracted on the faith of the United 
States, for supporting the war, agreeably to the resolution of the 16th 
of December last, nor be continued for a longer term, than twenty- 
five years," &c. It was calculated, that the proposed duties would 
raise an annual sum of 915,956 dollars. This would fall short of 
paying the annual interest of the debt, about one million and a half 
of dollars, Congress, therefore, at the same time, recommended to the 
states " to establish for a time limited to 25 years, and to appropriate 
to the discharge of the interest and principal of the debt, substan- 
tial and effectual revenues, of such nature., as they may judge conven- 
ient, for supplying their respective proportions of 1,500,000 dollars^ 
annually, exclusive of the aforementioned duties." 

This system was not to take effect until acceded to, by all the 
states, but when adopted by all, was to be a mutual compact, irrevo- 
cable by one or more, without the concurence of the whole, or a Ma- 
jority of the United States in Congress assembled. To induce its 
adoption, an appeal was made to the states by Congress, in an able 
address, in which they urged the propriety and justice of making 
some permanent provision, for the payment, at least, of the interest of 
a debt, which was the price of their independence. These proposi- 
tions, however, were not agreed to by all the states, in such a manner, 
as to take effect. Congress, therefore, had no means of paying either 
the principal, or interest of the debt, but by requisitions upon the states. 
Had this plan been adopted, the produce of the duties recommended 
by Congress would} no doubt, have exceeded the estimate. Before 



30 

the adoption of the present constitution, and the regular establishment 
of custom-houses, under the present government, there were no data 
from which any accurate calculation could be made, of the amount of 
exports and imports of the United States, or of the value of their 
trade with particular countries. The English custom-house books 
shew the imports from and exports to the United States, and furnish 
the best account of the amount of our trade with Great-Britain from the 
peace of 1783, to the establishment of the present general government. 
The following is an account of the imports into England from the 
United States, and exports to the United States from that country in 
sterling money, from 1784 to 1790, taken from the English custom- 
house books — viz. 

Years. Imports. Exports. 

1784 - - - .- £749,345 - - - £3,679,467 

1785 - - - - 893,594 - - - 2,308,023 

1786 ----- 843,119 - - - - 1,603,465 

1787 - - - - 893,637 - - - 2,009,111 

1788 - - - - 1,023,789 - - - 1,886,142 

1789 - - - - 1,050,198 - - - 2,525,298 

1790 - - - - 1,191,071 - - - 3,431,778 
During the first two years after the war, goods imported from Eng- 
land alone, amounted to nearly six millions sterling. As the value here 
stated is the official value, which is considerably less than the real, the 
amount of goods imported from England into the United States in the 
year 1784 must have been about eighteen millions of dollars, and in 
1785, about twelve millions, making, in those two years, thirty mil- 
lions if dollars ; — while the exports from the United States to Eng- 
land, during that time, were only between eight and nine millions. 
This vast influx of goods soon drained the United States of a great 
part of the specie they had, at the close of the war. Congress in 
vain therefore made requisitions upon the states, for money to fill the 
public treasury. The impoverished state of the country, in conse- 
quence of the war, the want of regular markets for its produce, the 
burden of the states, in providing for the payment of their own particu- 
lar debts, incurred during the war, and a jealousy w hich began to exist 
among the states, all combined to retard a compliance with these requi- 



31 

sitions .* The interest of the debt was, therefore, unpaid, public credii 
was gone, the debt itself was considered of little value, and was sold 
at last by many of the original holders for about one-tenth of its nom- 
inal value. In addition to this, private credit was much impaired. 
During the war, the collection of debts was, in a great measure, sus- 
pended, and on the return of peace, goods were imported far beyond 
our means of payment. The courts of justice were filled with suits 
against delinquent debtors. The importing states took advantage of 
their situation, and levied a duty on imports, for their own benefit, at 
the expense of the other states. 

Thus burdened with public and private debts, and called upon for 
the payment of heavy taxes, and with a scarcity of money, the peo- 
ple, in some of the states, to remedy these evils, had recourse to paper 
money, and in one state, there was an open insurrection, which threat- 
ened not only the peace and existence of that state, but the peace 
and existence of the union. 

In this situation, all became sensible of the inefficiency of the gen- 
eral government, and of the necessity of vesting Congress, with the 
power of regulating trade and commerce, and of bringing into opera- 
tion, the energies and resources of the country, for the general benefit. 

In September, 1786, in consequence of a proposition from the state 
of Virginia, Commissioners from that state, and from the states of 
Pennsylvania. New-York, New-Jersey, and Delaware, met at An- 
napolis, in Maryland, " to take into consideration the trade and com* 
merce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system, in 
their commercial intercourse and regulations, might be necessary to 

* In a report made to Congress, by the board of Treasury, dated Septem- 
ber 20th, 1787, it is stated, that the requisitions upon the states, for the 
payment of the interest of the domestic debt, in the years 1782, 1784, 1785 
and 1786, amounted to the sum of $6,279,376 27, and the Board say, " It 
is with regret we are constrained to observe, that to the 31st of March last,, 
the aggregate payments, on account of these requisitions, do not appear, 
from any documents in the Treasury office, to exceed the sum 

of $1,003,725 57 

Leaving- a balance due of no less, than - 5,275,650 60 



§56,279,376 27 



32 

their common interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the 
several states, such an act, relative to this great object, as, when 
unanimously ratified by them, would enable the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, effectually to provide for the same." Commissioners 
were appointed also from the states of New-Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode-Island, and North-Carolina, but did not attend. In con- 
sequence of the partial representation of the states, and their limited 
powers, the Commissioners present did not think proper to proceed 
on the business of their appointment. They, however, drew up an 
address and report, to their respective state Legislatures, in which, 
after stating the reasons of their not proceeding, they say, " deeply 
impressed, however, with the magnitude and importance of the object 
confided to them on this occasion, your Commissioners cannot forbear 
to indulge an expression of their earnest and unanimous wish, that 
speedy measures may be taken to effect a general meeting of the 
states in a future convention, for the same and such other purposes, as 
the situation of public affairs may be found to require." They, there- 
fore, suggest the propriety of a meeting of Commissioners from all the 
states, to be held at Philadelphia, on the second Monday in May, 
1787, " to take into consideration the situation of the United States, 
to devise such further provision as shall to them appear necessary to 
render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exi- 
gences of the union," &c. This report and address was sent to 
Congress, and to the Executives of the several states, not represented 
at Annapolis. In consequence of the recommendation contained in 
this address, and a resolution of Congress, of February 21st, 1787, a 
general convention of the states was held at Philadelphia, in May, 
1787, and on the 17th of September following, a new constitution was 
agreed upon, and went into operation on the 4th day of March, 1789, 
By this constitution the general government, among other important 
powers, are vested with power " to regulate commerce, and to levy 
duties, imposts ," &c. Under this new form of government, with the 
father of his country at its head, trade and commerce soon revived, 
public and private credit was restored, a new spring was given to ag- 
riculture and manufactures, and new security afforded to the various 
pursuits of honest industry. Since the establishment of the present 
government, the progress of national, as well as individual, wealth has 



kept pace with the increase of population ; and until the commence 
ment of commercial restrictions in December, 1807, and the declara- 
tion of war against Great-Britain, in 1812, no nation, it is believed, 
had ever increased so rapidly in wealth as the United States. This 
will appear, from an attention to the increase in the quantity and val- 
ue of their exports and imports, and the great increase of duties on im- 
ports ; from the vast increase of their shipping, and of their trade and 
intercourse with different parts of the world ; from the establishment 
of various monied institutions ; from the great sums expended in ma- 
king roads and canals, and in other internal improvements ; from the 
rapid growth of cities and towns ; and from the rise in the value of 
lands, in every part of the union. A view of this increase of the 
wealth and resources of the United States, together with some of the 
principal causes of it, from the commencement of the present gov- 
ernment, until the year 1816, a period of about twenty-six years, 
is our principal object, and will be the subject of the following 
chapters. 



CHAPTER III 



Exports— Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign origin- 
Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which are 1st, the 
produce of the sea — 2d, the produce of the forest— 3d, the produce of ag- 
riculture — and 4th, manufactures — Products of the sea, derived from the 
cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod fishery previous to the Ameri- 
can revolution, and to the time of the establishment of the present go- 
vernment — Number of vessels employed in this fishery from 1791 to 1813, 
and quantity offish exported during the same period — Whale fishery ori- 
ginated at Nantucket in 1690— Amount of tonnage and number of seamen 
employed in it at different periods — Value of exports, the produce of the 
fisheries from 1803 to 1816— Products of the forest — viz. lumber, naval 
stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark, and 
other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported at different periods, 

We shall begin with the exports — these consist of articles of the 
growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, and of ar- 
ticles of foreign growth and produce. Provision was made at the 
Treasury, at an early period of the present government, to ascertain 
the quantity and value of all the exports of the country ; but in the 
general accounts no discrimination was made between the value of 
domestic or foreign articles, until 1802. In order to ascertain the 
value of the exports, directions are given, from the Treasury depart- 
ment, to the several collectors of the customs, to add, in their quar- 
terly returns of duties, the quantity of the various articles export- 
ed, and also their prices at the places of exportation. The quantity 
of the articles exported is furnished the collectors, by the exporters, 
and may sometimes fall short, and sometimes exceed the real quanti- 
ty. At the Treasury, an average is made of the prices returned by 
the collectors, from the principal ports, and the value of the articles 
exported is calculated from the average price thus ascertained. Ta- 
ble No. I. contains a statement of the value of all the exports from 



36 

each state and territory, annually, from the 1st of October, 1790,* 
to the 30th of September, 1810. Table No. II. exhibits a statement 
of the value of the exports of domestic growth, produce, and manufac- 
ture, from each state and territory, from October, 1802, to September 
30th, 1816, and Table No. III. a statement of the value of the ex- 
ports of foreign growth and produce, during the same period. The 
articles exported both domestic and foreign are various, and are con- 
tained in Table No. IV. in each year, from 1791 to 1816 — taken 
from the Treasury books. 

The whole value of exports in each year, from 1790 to 1816, and the 
value of those of domestic and foreign origin, since 1803, was as 
follows : — 





Total value of 


Value of exports of 


Value of exports o 




exports. 


domestic origin. 


foreign origin. 


to Sept. 30. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls 


1791 - 


19,012,041 






1792 - 


20,753,098 






1793 - 


26,109,572 






1794 * 


33,026,233 






1795 - 


47,989,472 






1796 - 


67,064,097 






1797 - 


56,850,206 






1798 - 


61,527,097 






1799 = 


78,665,522 






1800 - 


70,971,780 






1801 - 


94,115,925 






1802 - 


72,483,160 






1803 - 


55,800,033 


42,205,961 


- 13,594,072 


1804 - 


77,699,074 


41,467,477 


- 36,231,597 


1805 - 


95,566,021 


42,387,002 


- 53,179,019 


1806 - 


101,536,963 


41,253,727 


- 60,283,236 


1807 - 


108,343,150 


48,699,592 


- 59,643,558 


1808 - 


22,430,960 


9,133,5-16 


12,997,414 


1809 - 


52,203,283 


31,405,702 


- 20,797,531 



* No annual return of exports had been made at the Treasury, prior to 
October, 1790. 



3T 





Total value of 


Value of exports o 


f Value of exports ( 




exports 


domestic origin. 


foreign origin. 


Sept. 30. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1810 - 


66,757,970 


- 42,366,675 


- 24,391,295 


1811 


61,316,833 


- 45,294,043 


16,022,790 


1812 - 


38,527,236 


- 30,032,109 


8,495,127 


1813 - 


27,855,997 


- 25,008,152 


2,847,845 


1814 - 


6,927,441 


6,782,272 


145,169 


1815 - 


52,557,753 


- 45,974,403 


6,583,350 


1816 - 


81,920,452 


- 64,781,896 


17,138,555 



The exports of domestic growth, produce, and manufacture, have 
been distinguished at the Treasury, into those which are — 

1st. The produce of the Sea. 

2d. The produce of the Forest. 

3d. The produce of Agriculture. 

4th. Manufactures, and those which are uncertain. 

This division of the exports of domestic produce has been made, 
and the value of the articles exported, under each division, has been 
ascertained at the Treasury, and exhibited in the annual account of 
exports, since the year 1802. It presents a useful and important 
view of the different pursuits and employments of the citizens of the 
United States, inhabiting, as they do, an extensive country, differing 
in climate, as well as soil ; and indicates the various sources of the 
wealth of the nation. 

Each of these will be considered in their order :— 

1st. THE PRODUCTS OF THE SEA. 

These are derived from the cod and whale fisheries, and from tLe 
river fisheries, such as herring, shad, salmon, mackarel, &c. The 
cod fishery has been an object of the first importance to the states of 
Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, from their first settlement. It 
has furnished a lucrative employment to the inhabitants of these 
states, situated as they are, in the neighbourhood of the fishery. It 



38 

has given employment to the ship-builder, and has always been con- 
sidered, as the best nursery for seamen. 

The vast quantity of fish, which, after the discovery of North- 
America, were found along the banks of New-Foundland, soon attract- 
ed the attention of the Europeans. The inhabitants of Biscay in 
Spain, and of Britanny in France, are said to have first engaged in 
this fishery. The English and French afterwards claimed the ex- 
clusive right to it, in consequence of their possessing the adjacent 
coasts. While we were Colonies, we had the right of fishing there, as 
being a part of the British empire ; and by the 3d article of the trea- 
ty of peace, between Great-Britain and the United States, in 1783, 
" It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to 
enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind, on the grand 
bank, and on all other banks of New-Foundland ; also, in the gulph 
of St. Lawrence, and at all other places in the sea, where the inhab- 
itants of both countries used at any time to fish ; that the inhabitants 
of the United States shall have liberty to take fish of every kind on 
such part of the coast of New-Foundland, as British fishermen shall 
use (but not to dry or cure the same on the island ;) and also on the 
coasts, bays, and creeks of all other his Britannic Majesty's domin- 
ions in America; and that the American fishermen shall have liberty 
to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks 
of Nova-Scotia, Magdalen islands, and Labrador, so long as the same 
shall remain unsettled : but so soon as the same or either of them 
shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the said fishermen to dry 
or cure fish at such settlement, without a previous agreement for that 
purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground." 
The cod fishery previous to the American revolution, in Massachu- 
setts alone, gave employment annually to about four thousand seamen, 
and about twenty-eight thousand tons of shipping, and produced about 
three hundred and fifty thousand quintals of fish, which, at the place of 
exportation, were valued at more than one million of dollars. Tables 
Nos. V. and VI. shew the state of the fishery in Massachusetts, from 
1765 to 1775 ; and also from 1786 to 1790,* containing the average 

* See the representation of the Legislature of Massachusetts to Congress 
in 1790, on tlie subject of their fisheries, and report of the secretary of state 
on the subject of their fisheries in 179L 



39 

number of vessels annually employed, their tonnage, number of sea- 
men, and also the quantity offish exported during those two periods, 
with the produce of the cod fishery, from August 20th, 1789, to Sep- 
tember 30th, 1790, and the countries to which exported. From 
these it will be seen, that up to the year 1790, the cod fishery had 
not recovered from the effects of the revolutionary war. From 1765 
to 1775, the average number of vessels annually employed was six 
hundred and sixty-five, their tonnage twenty-five thousand six hun- 
dred and thirty, seamen four thousand four hundred and five, and fish 
exported amounted to three hundred and fifty-one thousand three 
hundred quintals ; and from 1786 to 1790, the average number of 
vessels annually employed was only five hundred and thirty-nine, 
tonnage nineteen thousand one hundred and eighty-five, seamen three 
thousand two hundred and eighty-seven, and fish exported only two 
hundred and fifty thousand six hundred and fifty quintals. 

In consequence of a representation made to Congress, by the Le- 
gislature of Massachusetts, in the year 1790, of the low and embarrass- 
ed state of the fisheries, and a report made thereon by the secretary of 
state, a bounty was given, on the exportation of salted fish, by way of 
draw-back of the duty on imported salt, and afterwards an allowance 
in money was made to vessels employed for a certain number of 
months in the cod fishery. In consequence of this encouragement, 
and the happy effects upon trade and commerce, produced by the 
establishment of the general government, the cod fishery increased un- 
til the commencement of the embargo and restrictive system. The 
quantity of dried or smoked fish, and of pickled fish, exported from 
1791 to 1816, was as follows, viz. : — 





Dried Fish. 


Bbls. of pickled 


Kegi 


5 of pickled 




Quintals. 




fish. 




fish 


1791 - 


- 383,237 - 


- 


57,424 






1792 - 


- 364,898 - 


- 


48,277 






1793 - 


- 372,825 - 


- 


45,440 






1794 - 


- 436,907 - 


- 


36,929 






1795 - 


- 400,815 - 


- 


55,999 






J 796 - 


- 377,713 % - 


- 


84,558 - 


- 


5,256 


1797 - 


- 406,016 - 


- 


69,782 - 


- 


7^351 



40 





Dried Fish 




Quintals. 


1798 - 


- 411,175 


1799 - 


- 428,495 


1800 - 


- 392,726 


1801 - 


- 410,948 


1802 - 


- 440,925 


1803 - 


- 461,870 


1804 - 


- 567,828 


1805 - 


- 514,549 


1806 - 


- 537,457 


1807 - 


- 473,924 


1808 - 


- 155,808 


1809 - 


- 345,648 


1810 - 


- 280,804 


1811 - 


- 214,387 


1812 - 


- 169,019 


1813 - 


63,616 


1814 - 


31,310 


1815 - 


- 103,251 


1816 - 


- 219,991 



Bbls. of pickled 


Kegs ofpickleu 


fish. 






fish. 


- 66,827 


- 


- 


6,220 


- 63,542 


* 


- 


15,993 


- 50,388 


- 


- 


12,403 


- 85,! 35 


- 


- 


10,424 


- 75,819 


- 


- 


13,229 


- 76,831 


• 


- 


11,565 


- 89,482 


- 


- 


13,045 


- 56,670 


- 


- 


7,207 


- 64,615 


- 


- 


10,155 


- 57,621 


- 


- 


13,743 


- 18,957 


- 


- 


3,036 


- 54,777 


- 


- 


9,380 


- 34,674 


- 


- 


5,964 


- 44,716 


- 


- 


9,393 


- 23,636 


- 


- 


3,143 


- 13,833 


- 


- 


568 


8,436 


- 


- 


87 


- 36,232 


- 


- 


3,062 


- 38,228 


- 


- 


6,983 



The amount of tonnage employed in the cod fishery, from 1795 to 
1815, was as follows, viz. : — 





Enrolled Tonnage. 
Tons. 95-100 


Tonnage of Vessels, 
Licensed under 20 tons. 
Tons. 95-100 


1795 


24,887 6 


- 


6,046 5 


1796 


28,509 39 


- 


6,453 41 


1797 
1798 
1799 


33,406 67 
35,476 81 

23,932 26 


- 


7,222 31 
7,269 37 
6,046 17 


1800 


22,306 94 


- 


7,120 6 


1801 


31,279 57 


- 


8,101 85 


1802 


32,987 42 


- 


8,533 56 


1803 


43,416 20 


- 


8,394 24 


1804 


43,088 8 


- 


8,925 73 



41 





Enrolled Tonnage. 
Tons. 95-100 


Tonnage of Vessels, 
licensed under 20 tons 
Tons. 95-100 


1805 


48,479 30 


8,986 37 


1806 


50,353 20 


8,820 57 


1807 


60,689 88 


9,616 20 


1808 


43,597 40 


8,400 2 


1809 


26,109 67 


8,376 93 


1810 


26,250 91 


8,577 28 


1811 


34,360 85 


8,872 76 


1812 


21,822 64 


8,636 Go 


1813 


11,255 36 


11,255 36 


1814 


8,863 35 


8,992 23 


1815 


26,510 33 


10,427 26 



The vessels employed in the cod fishery were owned in the states 
of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, and 
New-York, except sixty-six tons in Virginia in 1796, and forty-eight 
tons in New-Jersey, in 1803, but principally in Massachusetts. The 
greatest amount of tonnage ever employed from the United States in 
the cod fishery was in the year 1807, being seventy thousand three 
hundred and six tons. Of this, Massachusetts owned sixty-two thou- 
sand two hundred and thirteen tons. The number of seamen em- 
ployed in this fishery, on an average of ten years, from 1791 to 1800, 
has been estimated at five thousand, and the average tonnage, for the 
same period, at thirty-three thousand.* 

From 1801 to 1807, the annual average amount of tonnage em- 
ployed was about forty-four thousand, and the number of seamen, 
according to the above proportion, about seven thousand annually. 

The value of the dried fish, and pickled fish, exported since the 
year 1802, has been as follows : — 

Cod or dried fish. Pickled fish. 

1803 - - $1,620,000 - - $560,000 

1804 - - 2,400,000 - - 640,000 

1805 - - 2,058,000 - - 348,000 

1806 - - 2.150,000 - - 366,000 

* See letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, to the House of Repre- 
sentatives, July 29th, 1803. 

6 



42 





Cod or dried fish. 


Pickled fish, 


1807 


- 1,896,000 


- 302,000 


1808 


623,000 


98,000 


1809 


- 1,123,000 


- 282,000 


1810 


913,000 


- 214,000 


1811 


757,000 


- 305,000 


1812 


592,000 


- 146,000 


1813 


210,000 


81,000 


1814 


128,000 


50,000 


1815 


494,000 


- 218,000 


1816 


935,000 


- 221,000 



The French had formerly the greatest share in this fishery. In 
1745, the Governour of the province of Massachusetts, Shirley, trans- 
mitted to the British government, an estimate of the French fishery in 
the preceding year, from the gut of Canso toLewisburgh, and thence 
to the north-east part of Cape Breton. According to this estimate, 
the French employed, in 1744, four hundred and fourteen large ships 
in taking and carrying the fish to market, and about twenty-four 
thousand five hundred and twenty men, and the quantity of fish taken 
was one million one hundred and forty-nine thousand quintals. The 
French fishery was afterwards reduced, and for many years past has 
been annihilated. 

For many years previous to the late war, between the United 
States and Great-Britain, this fishery has been carried on, principally, 
by the British and Americans. The usual markets for American fish 
are the West-Indies and the southern parts of Europe. (See Table 
VII.) 

The late treaty of peace between the United States and Great-Brit- 
ain, as well as the commercial convention, are silent on the subject of 
the fisheries. Our right to take fish in the open sea cannot be ques- 
tioned. The shore fishery, as it is called, the British government 
considered as a privilege granted by the treaty of 1783, and which 
was done away by the late war, between the two countries, and 
which would not be regranted, without an equivalent. In the late 
negotiations, some of our commissioners were disposed to renew to 
the British, the . navigation of the Mississippi, as an equivalent for 



43 

the shore fisheries, but a majority of the American commissioners 
were opposed to it. A number of American vessels have lately been 
seized, for being employed in this fishery. 

THE WHALE FISHERY. 

The whale fishery first attracted the attention of the Americans in 
1690, and originated at the island of Nantucket, in boats from the shore. 
In 1715, six sloops, of thirty-eight tons burden each, were employed in 
this fishery, from that island. For many years their adventures were 
confined to the American coast ; but as whales grew scarce here, they 
were extended to the Western Islands, and to the Brazils, and at length 
to the North and South Seas.* For a long time, the Dutch seemed 
to monopolize the whale fishery, which they followed, with success, 
in the Greenland or Northern Seas. 

As early as 1663, they had two hundred and two ships employed 
in this fishery, and in 1721, as many as two hundred and sixty ; in 
1783, the number was reduced to sixty-nine, and for many years past, 
not only has this branch of their commerce, but almost every other, 
been completely annihilated. In 1731, the Americans had about 
thirteen hundred tons of shipping employed in this fishery along their 
coast. About the year 1750, the whale left the American coast. The 
hardy enterprise and activity of the American sailor, however, soon 
followed him in every part of the Northern and Southern Seas. 

From 1771 to 1775, Massachusetts employed, annually, one hun- 
dred and eighty-three vessels, of thirteen thousand eight hundred and 
twenty tons, in the northern whale fishery, and one hundred and twen- 
ty-one vessels, of fourteen thousand and twenty-six tons, in the south- 
ern, navigated by four thousand and fifty-nine seamen. The pecul- 
iar mode of paying the seamen, in these hazardous voyages, has con- 
tributed not a little to the success of the voyages themselves. Each 
has a share in the profits of the voyage, and whether he shall gain or 
Jose, depends on his activity in managing the boat, in pursuit of the 
whale, and his dexterity, in directing the harpoon. This has led to 

*See Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Societv. 



44 

a spirit of enterprise and hardihood, never surpassed, if ever equal- 
led, by the seamen of any nation in the world.* 

During the war of the American revolution, this fishery was de- 
stroyed ; on the return of peace, it recovered, by degrees, and from 
1787 to 1789, ninety-one vessels, of five thousand eight hundred and 
tvvent}'- tons, were annually employed in the northern fishery, and 
thirty -one vessels, of four thousand three hundred and ninety tons, in 
the southern, with one thousand six hundred and eleven seamen. The 
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually, from 1771 to 1775, was 
thirty-nine thousand three hundred and ninety barrels, and of whale 
oil eight thousand six hundred and fifty. From 1787 to 1789, the 
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually was seven thousand nine 
hundred and eighty barrels, and whale oil thirteen thousand one hun- 

* The celebrated Burke, in his speech, in the House of Commons, about 
the year 1774, on the subject of American affairs, has done ample justice to 
the industrious and enterprising spirit of this class of American seamen. 
" As to the wealth (said he) which the Colonists have drawn from the sea, 
by their fisheries, you had all that matter fully opened at your bar. You 
surely thought these acquisitions of value, for they seemed to excite your 
envy, and yet the spirit by which that enterprising employment has been 
exercised, ought rather, in my opinion, to have raised esteem and admira- 
tion. And pray, sir, what in the world is equal to it ? Pass by the other 
parts, and look at the manner, in which the New-England people of late car- 
ried on the whale fishery. While we follow them among the tumbling 
mountains of ice, and behold them penetrating into the deepest frozen re- 
cesses of Hudson's and Davis' Straits ; while we are looking for them be- 
neath the arctic circle, we hear, that they have pierced into the opposite re- 
gion of polar cold ; that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under the 
frozen serpent of the south. Faulkland Island, which seemed too remote 
and romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, is but a stage and 
resting place for their victorious industry. Nor is the equinoctial heat 
more discouraging to them than the accumulated winter of both poles. We 
know, that while some of them draw the line or strike the harpoon on the 
coast of Africa, others run the longitude and pursue their gigantic game 
along the coast of Brazil. No sea, but what is vexed with their fisheries. 
No climate, that is not witness of their toils. Neither the perseverance of 
Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous and firm sagacity of 
English enterprise, ever carried their most perilous mode of hardy industry 
to the extent to which it has been pursued by this recent people ; a people 
who are still in the gristle, and not hardened into manhood." 



45 

dred and thirty. In the representation made to Congress in the yeai 
1790, by the legislature of Massachusetts, it is stated that, before the 
late war, about four thousand seamen, and twenty-four thousand tons 
of shipping were annually employed from that state in the whale 
fishery, ?tk\ ibat the produce thereof was about £350,000 lawful mo- 
ney, or about J 1,1 60,000.* A great part of this fishery has been 
carried on from Nantucket, where it originated, a small island about 
fifteen mile* in length, and two or three miles in breadth, situated 
about thirty miles from the coast. Before the revolutionary war, 
this small island had sixty-five ships, of four thousand eight hundred 
and seventy-five tons, annually employed in the northern, and eighty- 
five ships, often thousand two hundred tons, in the southern fishery. 
From 1787 to 1789, it had only eighteen ships, of one thousand three 
hundred and fifty tons, in the northern, and eighteen ships, of two 
thousand seven hundred tons, in the sourthern fishery.! For many 
years past, this fishery has been carried on from this island and from 
New-Bedford, a large commercial and flourishing town on the coast, 
in its neighbourhood, and has employed from fifteen thousand to 

* In the papers which accompanied this representation it is stated, that 
** about one quarter of the spermaceti is head matter, one quarter of which 
was exported to Great-Britain, the remainder manufactured into candles. 
The spermaceti oil, previous to the revolution, was mostly exported to 
Great-Britain. The average price in that market, for five years, previous to 
the war, was about j£40 sterling for the spermaceti oil, and ^50 for head. 
The whale oil was formerly about one half exported to the French and Eng- 
lish West-India Islands ; the other half sold in the United States. The ave- 
rage price of this oil, about §70 per ton. A whale, producing one hun- 
dred and twenty barrels of whale oil, will generally produce two thousand 
pounds of bone, which was chiefly exported to Great-Britain, the price 
about half a dollar per pound. A whale, producing fifty to sixty barrels, will 
generally produce nearest ten pounds of bone to a barrel of oil. The ave- 
rage price of oil for three years past, (viz. 1787, 1788, and 1789) :— 

Spermaceti §100 per ton. 
Whale oil - - 50 do. 
Head matter 150 do. 
Bone, about 15 cts. per pound." 

f See Tables No. VIII. and IT 



46 



eighteen thousand tons of shipping, principally in the Southern Seas. 
Although Great-Britain has, at various times, given large bounties to 
her ships employed in this fishery, yet the whalemen of Nantucket 
and New-Bedford, unprotected and unsupported by any thing but 
their own industry and enterprise, have generally been able to meet 
their competitors in a foreign market. The quantity of spermaceti 
and common whale oil, whale bone, and spermaceti candles, exported 
from 1791 to 1816, appears from table No. IV. Their value since 
1802, has been as follows : — 





Whale (common) 


Spermaceti oi 




oil and bone. 


and candles. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


280,000 


175,000 


1804 


310,000 


70,000 


1805 


315,000 


163,000 


1806 


418,000 


182,000 


1807 


476,000 


130,000 


1808 


88,000 


33,000 


1809 


169,000 


136,000 


1810 


222,000 


132,000 


1811 


78,000 


273,000 


1812 


56,000 


141,000 


1813 


2,500 


10,500 


1814 


1,000 


9,000 


1815 


57,000 


143,000 


1816 


116,000 


59,000 



The following is the total value of exports, consisting of the pro- 
duce of the sea, from 1803 to 1816, viz. 



1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 



Dolls. 
2,635,000 
3,420,000 
2,884,000 
3,116,000 
2,804,000 



47 

Dolls, 

1808 - - - - 832,000 

1809 - - - - 1,710,000 

1810 - 1,481,000 

1811 - - - - 1,413,000 

1812 - - - - 935,000 

1813 ... - 304,000 

1814 - 188,000 

1815 ... - 912,000 

1816 .... 1,331,000 

Common whale oil finds a market in the West-Indies, Great-Britain, 
France, Spain, and Portugal. The greatest part of the spermaceti 
oil is carried to Great-Britain. (See Table No. X.) The late war 
between the United States and Great-Britain has again almost annihi- 
lated the cod and whale fisheries.* 

Previous to the restrictive system and the war, the fisheries fur- 
nished articles for exportation to an amount of more than three mil- 
lions of dollars ; in 1814, the exports, the produce of the fisheries, 
were reduced to the sum of $188,000. 

In 1815, they amounted to $912,000, and in 1816, to $1,331,000. 

2d. THE PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 

The products of the forest consist of lumber of all kinds, naval 
stores, (such as tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin,) pot and pearl ashes, 
skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark and other dyes. 

The exportation of lumber has always been an object of no incon- 
siderable importance to this country. The first settlers found here 
immense forests of wood and timber, and as they cleared their lands 
the timber was of little value except for exportation. The lumber 
exported consists of staves and heading, shingles, hoops and poles, 
boards, plank, scantling and timber of various sorts for masts, spars, 
buildings, kc. The official value of lumber of all kinds, exported in 
the year 1770, was about £154,637 sterling, or $686,588. From 

* Twenty -four whalemen were taken by the British in the late war. 



18 

1803 to 1807, the value of lumber exported, on an average, exceeded 
two millions and a half of dollars. Naval stores, such as tar, pitch, 
turpentine, and rosin, have long been an object of importance, not on- 
ly for home consumption, but for exportation. Great-Britain has al- 
ways been dependent upon foreign countries for these articles, which to 
her are of the first necessity. Before they were produced in her North- 
American Colonies, she obtained them from the North of Europe, and 
particularly from the pitch and tar company of Sweden. About the 
year 1703, this company attempted to raise their price upon these 
articles, by prohibiting the exportation of them except in their own 
ships. This induced the British government to encourage the produc- 
tion of them in their Colonies. By the 3 and 4 of Ann, a bounty of 
£4 per ton was given on the importation of tar and pitch, and £3 per 
ton on rosin and turpentine from the American Colonies. These arti- 
cles are produced principally in North-Carolina, and this bounty, no 
doubt, had its effect, in increasing the production of them in that Pro- 
vince. In the year 1770, the quantity of tar exported was eighty-two 
thousand and seventy-five barrels, of pitch, nine thousand one hundred 
and fourteen barrels, and of turpentine, seventeen thousand and four- 
teen, and their official value was £34,693 sterling, or about $144,000. 
Since the year 1791, the quantity of these articles had varied almost 
every year ; in 1795, ninety thousand and sixty-six barrels of tar were 
exported. During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the average quan- 
tity of tar exported was sixty-four thousand nine hundred and seven- 
teen barrels — of turpentine, seventy-four thousand six hundred and 
seven barrels, and of pitch, nine thousand and eight barrels, and their 
average value was about $500,000. In 1816, there was exported 
one hundred thirty-three thousand three hundred and forty-five bar- 
rels of tar, seventy-six thousand one hundred and five of turpentine, 
thirteen thousand five hundred and njnety-five of pitch, and six 
thousand nine hundred and eighty-two of rosin, valued at nearly 
$800,000. Before the American revolution, Great-Britain also en- 
couraged the production of pot and pearl ashes in her North-Amer- 
ican Colonies, articles necessary for her manufactures. In 1761, 
the society instituted at London for the encouragement of arts, man- 
ufactures, and commerce, offered large premiums to those who should 
import from the American Colonies the greatest quantity of pot and 



49 

pearl ashes. Treatises, describing the method of making them, were, 
about the same time, 9ent over, and circulated among the Colonists. 
In the year 1770, one thousand one hundred and seventy-three tons 
of pot ashes, and seven hundred thirty-seven tons of pearl ashes 
were exported from the North- American Colonies ; the value of these 
was then estimated at £64,660 9 2 sterling or about $290,000. 
The exportation of these articles has since greatly increased ; the 
value of pot and pearl ashes exported in 1807, amounted to 
$1,490,000, and in 1816, to $1,630,000. 

As the American forests abounded in wild animals, whose skin? 
and furs were valuable, furs and peltry have always constituted a part 
of American exports. In the year 1770, the official value of these ar- 
ticles exported, from all the North-American Colonies, which inclu- 
ded Canada, was £149,224 14 4 sterling, or about $670,000. 
The average value of these articles, exported from the United States 
from 1791 to 1803, was about $300,000; from 1804 to 1807 inclu- 
sive, the annual average value was about $900,000. It is believed, 
that during these years, a large proportion of the furs exported were 
brought from Canada, and shipped at the Atlantic ports. In 1816 ? 
the value of skins and furs exported was $553,000. 

Ginseng, a root so highly valued in China, has long been known in 
North- America, and has become an article of export. In 1770, the 
quantity exported was seventy-four thousand six hundred and four 
pounds, and was valued at about $5,000. The greatest quanti- 
ty exported, since 1791, was in 1806, being four hundred forty-eight 
thousand three hundred and ninety-four pounds, and valued at 
$139,000. Oak and other bark and wood, for tanning and dying, 
have also become articles of exportation of some value. In 1803> 
they amounted to $225,000. 

The following is the value of all the exports, which are the produce 
of the forest, from 1803 to 1816, viz, — 

1803 - - $4,850,000 

1804 - - 4,630,000 

1805 * - 5,261,000 

1806 - - 4,861,000 



50 





1807 


• 


- 


$5,476,000 






1808 


- 


- 




1,399,000 






1809 


- 


- 




4,583,000 






1810 


- 


- 




4,978,000 






1811 


- 


- 




5,286,000 






1812 


- 


- 




2,701,000 






1813 


- 


- 




1,107,000 






1814 


- 


- 




570,000 






1815 


- 


- 




3,910,000 






1816 


- 


- 




7,293,000 




The value of each of the articles exported, during the same periods, 


is as follows, viz. 


— 












Lumber of 


Naval 


Pot & pear 


I Furs & 


Oak bark &, 




all kinds. 


stores. 


ashes. 


skins. 


Ginseng-, other dyes. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


2,800,000 


460,000 


735,000 


500,000 


100,000 


225,000 


1804 


2,540,000 


322,000' 


640,000 


956,000 


84,000 


88,000 


1805 


2,607,000 


702,000 


776,000 


967,000 


148,000 


61,000 


1806 


2,495,000 


409,000 


935,000 


841,000 


139,000 


42,000 


1807 


2,637,000 


335,000 


1,490,000 


852,000 


143,000 


19,000 


1808 


723,000 


102,000 


408,000 


161,000 


- 


5,000 


1809 


1,843,000 


737,000 


1,506,000 


332,000 


136,000 


29,000 


1810 


2,537,000 


473,000 


1,579,000 


177,000 


140,000 


72,000 


1811 


3,195,000 


834,000 


752,000 


314,000 


79,000 


112,000 


1812 


1,638,000 


490,000 


333,000 


123,000 


10,000 


107,000 


1813 


636,000 


91,000 


204,000 


58,000 


- 


118,000 


1814 


258,000 


31,000 


217,000 


22,000 


39,000 


3,000 


1815 


1,835,000 


455,000 


865,000 


409,000 


10,000 


336,000 


1816 


4,004,000 


798,000 


1,630,000 


553,000 


- 


308,000 



The articles of lumber are carried, principally, to the West-Indies, 
except staves and heading, many of which go to Great-Britain and 
Portugal. Nearly all the naval stores, and pot and pearl ashes, go 
to Great-Britain. For the destination of these articles from 1800 to 
1816, see Tables No. XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI and XVIL 
annexed to this chapter. 



51 



TABLE No. I. 



A summary statement of the value of the exports of the several State* 
and Territories, annually, from the 1st of October, 1790, to the 
30th of September, 1816. 



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52 



TABLE No. I.— continued. 



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53 



mi 



TABLE No. I. CONTINUED. 



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57 
TABLE No. III. 



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TABLE No. III.— CONTINUED. 



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60 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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to CO CO CO O O CO O CM CO O uo CO to T-, O CO O CM CM -* CO 


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61 
TABLE No. IV. — continued. 



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62 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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63 
TABLE No. IV. — continued. 





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CO 


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co 


CO CD CO ^ 


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rH i> $> t* 


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i-H to © © © © CO 




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rn © © CM rn © LO 




go as 10 o to to 


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2? lb, t- CD rH rf 


r-i CO" 


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CO i-i © t> CM !> IO 




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rH 




CM CO ^ 


CO i-i CM TH rH CO 




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CO GO 


CM XO 






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CO 


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co © © Tf co to b^ 






O O O M CO 5< 


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GO OS GO !> 


CO CM CO to OS CM CO 




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CO b. 






rH CO tO 


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Flour, 
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do. pickled, 

do. do- 
Furniture, household, 
Flax-seed, 
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Gun Powder, 
Ginseng, 
Hats, 
Hams and Bacon, 



64 
TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



o 


O CO iO W iO CO CO 
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r-T s£ iq -3*" cm 

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of 


C5 
CO 


tOCOCOWLOCOKCOOOl^T* 
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tf" ©" t^ cT go" 00 «-T © i-T co t-T 

MwCOCO^hCO i-» © !> O 
CO 10 CM lO CO ex 


o 

00 


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t- ©^03^ CO^CMC^CO^ 

t-T CO ©" rjT co" i-T 
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CO 

co 

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co" 


OCOO^iCCOOJOi^OCOCO 
OJUOt^COCOKtOCMCOt-iO'* 

oo^ooco^oo^LO^Krfcocq^aj^iri 

OS — < *— CO i-h Go" ^" CM" !>" ■"*"!>" CO 
i-iCOt»HiQH COCOCMCO 
CO^Tf CO GO CO 


cm 

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COhCOCOOOO) 
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co* to" i>" ©"»-<" co" co" 

CO i> »-i fH 

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COCDCOCOCiCOCOTf 
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CM GO^ 


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co 


COrfCOtO'*GOCO©CMCOCOO 
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t^^CXCX'*,-! CM^C^iOTfCO^CO 

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65 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 







COOO)"* 


CO i> 


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co-^^oco-^colo 




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lO©COCO©©lOi-h 




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t> l> © r-« 


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do. spermaceti, 
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C 
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ish, dried or smoaked 

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O OQO 


OOOCfafe w 



6G 
TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





CO C5 »0 


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ex 


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CO* 


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t^coiococot~-Oi>'T'co^i , »o 


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do. do. 
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Flax-seed, 
Flax, 

Gun- powder, 
Ginseng, 
Hats, 
I Hams and Bacon, 



67 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



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1-1 C5 1-1 -« -H T- »0 • 1-1 



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/~*-\ _« /*i\ 1^- *^» ^vi ^4« «M ^.1 ff\ »r\ rrs /— s /*^v /M 



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28 

cm"d-" 



COCOCOit05E00003h-C^iOiOO 
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*- CMCMt-CMkOCM^t^t* 



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•^nOT-iOnOnOaiCOCOOOaST^cOLOCOOCM 
nO CM CO *0 CO "° "** tif ^ i ' !SJ '"^ rr ' ^ l0 i ~ > * rr " v ' r+l r ** 1 

CM oT i-Trf no 



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TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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J3 uT 
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s § 

CO *j 

N O 


1 1 1 • 1 

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s 


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1 .•■'.•■•'». clli.l- 
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73 



TABLE No. IV.—continued. 



1 °> 


C^O , 3 ,l C)C5CO(^aiGO'-<COCOCOt-i>0 


o 


CO 


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O^-cocxocoioo^^^rcococoOO 


oo 


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o « 


i005t^^G^OI>OJ'*COt'*COO:t- 


OO 


CO 








£ ' °o 


COCOTl"*^i>T-i(^D'-i I> CO OO CO CM 


n» 


CO 


03 GO 


G4 CO "* ""tf CO O? iO CO ^G^0*O» 


t^ 


CO 


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^ 


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iff 






i Ci 


wH(NiitNCO(N-'OI>iOCOCO<-i03t'3 


oo 


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^^cocoiocoiooicoocoaiOiCDco&i 


lO 


CO 


05 


CO 


COOG^COCOTfCOCOCOCJ5T-.020'- l >0'* 


co^ 


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CO'- ,, -"OC5^LO»-tl>OiCOr-iC»G^C01>CO 


1—1 


l> 


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oo 


r-lO^&l^ IOt-!1-i CX CO OO CD 


■rr 


CO 




CO 


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ex 






r- 


COCXOOCX>GO^C~tOCDCX>OOCOCOl~G4 


o 


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t~»-i^00C'-G4G0C0'-'tXCOOl>G0'«tf l 00 


G4 


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CO 


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l> O CO CO C- C3 « £^ O f- -* CD JO C- CO O 


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OitMCDO^hOCOCTlCOhiO&iTj'Ht- 


uo 


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CDCDO^OiOlCOOCXiCOi'OtMCOri^ 


CO 


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j»6o^<«6c1- 3 •? -a » 6 "6 « 


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C)=-C2 £»*, cy ~ £2 — «- 


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74 
TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





*tf 


COCOOOJOiQO'i'JCO^sj 


OC CTi CO CO 


^ 


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GO 


CO'O'HC0COO)'-«COr)<CO0D 


OIK t- '" 


l> 


CO 


CO 


t^ 


COt>00COGs»U^tOO5'-'C0^rC5 


CO i-> CO o* 


^ 


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oooJc^uDcsco^coaiKcoco 


a; O co co 


ocf 


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t-i t-T«H tO CO CO 


CO >o O « 


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t-H t-h 


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CO 


C5OO"C0C0t-C£)COCOCD-H'- 


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Tf< rf t-i CO 


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co^ ** <* ^r 


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cc" vf i£ r-Z 


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CO "* CO o 


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ocooo 


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05 


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a5CococoojOiT-icoOi>o<oo 


T-I CO O l> 


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5 


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75 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



CO CO CM ^ CO CO*" Co" CO" G^" to" Go" G^" Co" CO l> CO Tf CO CO tO 

OCO &((?) (O O (D>»HiC^rt<iOiOl> ** 

— ' CM G^ CO^ CX 

w* ccT 

CO , 

<r « co coo -^r coocococO'-<co< , ooocot^i>T-« 

!^OG< t-i ^ Tf ^^©CO^COi— ©©OiCMrfCMCO 

t^G^CO^'CC^ts. co^ ^^^^^^©^^CD^COiOGOtO 

-ri i oT crT "^f i—* co" co" T^<^ccTG^b>Ta5a5i>Tj*'i-ioo , '^aro" 

K. ii t~ uOi-i^fCO oco^cococotw^ CO 

;-, cm ©< h co O) cm « 
cm ^f 

CO 



ooo coo t- ©rr©to-oco©toco©©©©o 

© iO © tOCO ^ CXCiCOrHCOCOiO-iXiO^O'O'O 

©^ CM tt^ ' C^~ t>^ ^^^^^tHR.^^ ! 050 ^"^^ 

>o" ©" g< cb" to" i>* c^" co" i^ co* crT ©" i-T a:" ©" © co -^ co 

COCO 1-1 CM l^ GO CO CM G* CO ^ OS CO 'tf CM CO 

i- CM CO CO £~- rH 



CO © CO © © " tOJ>COCTitO©COCM©CO©COCOCO 

C2©Oi CM CO CO tOi>©CMi-itOCMr-.iOa2©COi-'CO 

■^OCO ' 03 O D*^ i^tO^'^G0^^COCO^CMCOin > ©i>i>CM 

cM"to"»-'* co"i>" ~ i>cT^cb"f>cocoi>co©"co"art^co 

© CT> CM CO G* ©* t-4 CO G^ I> CO "* CM Tj* -^< 

i-(G) © i> i-» 

• r* ©" 

G4 



(MOt"*00 05 rt<Tf©jl>a>^r-CO'-<l>©'-i©CM 

OO CD O T O © •OCO*3 , ©LOCOTfCOCO*OCMG*G^t- 

t-iocsi-h^g^ co ^©^t^T-^ir^t^o^coa^CTst^^ccD 

lo o'co" »o" i> crT to ©f t- i-4 1& t> oT oS' i>" co".cf *"* GO* *> 

i-i Ci O) CO ^t 1 - 1 ' CO CO tO © CO CO CM i-i 

CM GO *0 *-t 60 



CO © "3< © © © CO ©GO©iOO*i*COCMOiCOCO©©CO 

CO © tO tO CM © uO CO'-iOtO^ , l>CMCMi>'<FGJ©©CO 

1> © tO ©( Ci CM^ *h t^G^G|_CT^©^CO'*COCM*-*©CO'-i© 

coirTco* 'tf*-" CO* i-" CM* cm" »-"* ©" i> cm" cm* of £>* *-T l>* CO* »> 

Oi CO h Win i-i « p- iO CO CO r-iCMCO 

CM i- _,-«,_, 



CO O CO CO O O rr i> © CD CO CTj CM CM tO -rf f~ CM CM CO <rr 

TT O G| iO CO CO O OCOCOOCOCXM^'tO^HCXO) 

© © CM ri n t^ »0 t-^ CO OT CM CO^ i-i_ CM^ r-J, CD r* t-^ t^ CO CO 

fc» © CO ,-. rj** i-T ©" cm" ^" to" »-- " i-T i>* i-T CO* i-"* to" t-T »>" 

CO Tf i> i- t* ^OSOHiQlO ^00 
CM .-I SO >H 



"^0500 d o ?^-l s c <s s 1 ^ . i « 6 6 

3 rQ I «° 



aj 



<D re « ' 1 C 3 

.&•§ ' • s SL • ' I *S *» b « 

re £ J^S - -° «c ,B u g sT c-- o = Jr? 

O .- -1 ^ i; n bfi •S C;- *-'3- Q ■ — ** "- • «J • • 

-c-^l-r^iSos o^^!5a r ^^ r ^ = o^oo 
^GO V^rs} zn en en en Qwr/iai^hQH^^QMOQ 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



|t^051> 1-1 C- CO LOCOCOt^OSr-GOO'-'iOCO&trrO 

-? 1 ^ CM OC5 CO COiOCD&JO^-ttO^OJ-tOC: 

.Icoco^co^'^c^ co^ O^tt^ O^O't »-i CO O O O b 

/ i -* co" $>" o" co tj« o*otGi<&c$ttGOi£cai^c£~G~ 

' :0 iO CO CO CO CO« CMCMt>C0C0)Oi>*-<C0COO 

■' UO) UO OS »-h CM G^t>,_ 



«-» C- ^ CO CO CO CO !■* CN CO W O ^" O OJ 03 CO O O CO 

•— CO C~ COO Tji COi>1"tC^r-CD«CO^COCOCOO 

°^ ^ L °~ ' '"1 ^ °^ ^ ^ ^ ^ °l ^ ^ ^1°^ -- 1 CO O CO ©J 

co"cm"i>* i> >o" go" oocoG^^^Gicocrco^i-^co"~*>-o" 

CM CO CO G{ CO i-i CXrHLOCOkOt'CO'-'iOCOCO 

^o ^r ex i-i co io 



,04 00 *C CM O QOJ>»-*CM~-«T-''-'GOt>Tt<OGOcMGO 

! CO CO GO COO CM CO^OCMCOCOOJ^COaiCDOJCO'HCO 

J ^ O^ "-^ ' t- GO^ CO t^ *-* r-<^ CO^ r-^ ^ t>^ CC^ "^ !>_ O^ G^ CO^ O 

oT Co" TjT l> crT »-* OO CM y-Z of Go" CO l>" CM I> CO CO of Go" Co" 

UO^t-s CO O "H ^ ^ CO l> CO CO GO CO-<H 

CO t-OrH CM COCOCO 



lO C5 CO OCO CM C5T-iCOJ>J>CMCOCMi>COCOOOOCO 

•* CO l> COCO GO !> G-! C3 CO Q CO iO Tf CO - - CO O O) Tf 

iO CO 05^ ' GO ^ t> **_ CO_ O0_ 0_ CM CM^ t-^ w t^ <rf i> CM CO 00 

C0"i-Tr4" co" CO UO COi-Ti-~o"cM"cM"co"t-"^^^."i^CO 

COCO O CO CO CO t-H MO t' O CO CO CO CO '-i CO 

t-CM CMCO^iO^T-" T^r-i CO CM ^ 

' G^" t^ 



O, CN Oj W O CO CO CDuOOJCOCOCOOOiOaiOCOiOCO 

CM CO G( OO ^ iO i-< CO'tCOOiO'iCOt'^OfOt'Oa) 

J> CM i-< Tf iO iO C^^^t^^t^COO^^O^COO^O 

CO CO lO o" ^ CM*" -t^OO CO^C^OO^CrcO^COCMGf 

COO CD CO GO CM CO "^ >0> j> »-< UO GO CO "* *0> 

CO CM^ "^ i-i Tf C5 i— i 

of co 
uo 



o: 



Co rr »-" C5 ^ i— CiC0C5-iCXC0OC0"tCMC)i005C0 

t^CM-^f CMCM uO COGOC50iCOJ>t-CMUDC002COCOt> 

co^ t> —* • co^ i> i> ^ i>^ ^ c^ <o q O^ o^ cm ^ cc^ *-^ oo « 

^ l> co co" co co" *H cm" CO »rT of of co" co" of co o" co" o" co" o" 

£•> JCO C3 CMCO CM CO rtOO^ClrtUO^COGO'-'^ 

e- ,- ,^ cococM i-it^. 

' ~ co" 



|1< 1- C3 t> CM CO CO ^CO«T)"i-aKO CO CO CO t> CO CO 

,co co ■<* ^ o io co io o o « io co co >h c; co o CD co a 

• ^O «* J> "CO O t> 00 lO O^ i-* G4 to CO CO 1— CO CO^ CM^ G0_ 

>rf >rf co" of go" co -t cm i-T ^ cm" co cc" go o" •— o" O ~ 

>0 >0 CM OO O CO O >-i "* CO "< CO rt" CO t- »0 ^ 

i-« CO OS L- ~ ~ *m 




77 



TABLE No. IV. — continued. 



——7 


-as — 


^r ex 





CO CO 




t-Ot'^OC O "X CO CO O T 




CO CO CD 


O re 


ex 


— 


c* 


iO^(Ne3 03««050«« 


1 


et o^co 


O kO 




^-COCOCDO'<3''-'©^COC5t>COCOO 
















j 


-0 j>co" 


•-* co" 


CO 


CO ^ 




t*0 0^"it>(M(Nk0005 




lO !> ~ 




co 


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TTOCOCOQCOi-nOCOt 


X 







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t> 




^ »-« 1— if) CO 


Ctt 


CO 


cc 


CO *-* 




l> O CD »-« O O CO CO CX CT> i-« 




T- — ' 


"* 


CX 


O CX 




OjiCCOO»irjOCJ(NiQKt* 




kO co 


CO *— 


— 


BO CX 


1 


005»0«OCOCS-*«CO 
















O 


~1 <5}» 


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CO 


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JfiTfCO^Ocot^lr-^GO^t 


i-m CO *^ 


CO 


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CO i-i O « CX I> COO ^ 


00 

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CO 

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CO 


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CO CX 1-^ co 




Ci CD CO 


O TT 


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CO to CO CO G4 nT — O -CO ^T CO 




— • 1- 0} 


1-1 C5 


ex 


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CX"*iOt>CXCOCOCOi-<^«!> 


. 


cr s< so 


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^0 


1 


WCOO^O)hCOOiO« 


3 

CO 














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CO «* 


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COOCOC3r-CCh"Hi*C5CO 


CO CO 


0* 


h- 






i-i CX CX CO'-'t-" Ci O 


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co" 














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3 CO 


»c 


CO CO 


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co O irj 


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CO 03 


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lQ 


i-Ht-OcX'-OcXrri— CD CO 


9 














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CO 


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OOiCOG5aOCOCO^COC3 


CO ifi »-« 


CX Tf 


co 


ex 




Ci co co co in — ex 


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co" 






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Ci Ttf 


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CO TT GO 


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r 


cXi-iCXC0OcXC0i- | C;O'^ H 




-r ro EN 


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CO 


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ex 


OCNI>— «C0l>l>»-0C5C0i# 
















CD 
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CO 


CO O CO 


©f TjT 


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GOCX>0>COCicXTj<050CCD 


CO ^ ~ 




CO 







CO' , *C0C0'^ l COI>CX^'— fc- 


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00^ 


co 




CO ^ CX^ CX 






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1-1 



j^rfCO CO -1 CX CO — — iiOb"- 1 !N i> ^ C K T. CC ;: 

CO CO !-• COO t- COCOCOCN-OTt^^^OCo 

► »h to^ »o • CO^ © CX^ ex o co^ w ^« G^CO^t^CO^^C !> « 

3 \ co" c-** go" 10 i-T «-T co" co" 1— o co" ex" *4" ex" ex" o" co" co" co" ex' 

ocoex T*>coo i-4cocoi>cxi>c5cxc:cxco 

i-«Ci 1-^ O^ 1-1 iO O CO 

CO co 
CX 



"— O K C O O CU^^^O^^—O^^O 
~^D ~ S O 3 • ^= — • ^j nJ — « 



>- 
aa 


j. 


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« "O ' S '— 

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o - 

a o 
— x 

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P x Gg x x x x S r. X' x r. H ^ r^_E^ r-h 2 C 



78 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



, — 


CD CO K 


h, CO 


CD 


CO O 'X) ^t 00 N « 00 O kO 05 i> CO CO 




ex rf CO 


CX t> 




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CO 


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CO 


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70 
TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



i 


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CO 


lO 1> 


GO 


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tO 


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CD t-( 


<* 


to i-« 


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CD 

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t— < 


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CO O -1 


l> 


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CO 


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CO 


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tO CO 1> 


CO 


1—1 


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CO 








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co ex 


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t-t O 


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T-H 


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80 



TABLE No. IV. — continued. 





—• 1 


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O CO CO 


c- 


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i-i 


rH 


k 


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03 O) CO "-"-! -h CO 


co ^ o 


tO 


c 


tO 


o 


CO 


■* 






W G^ C0^ OO OO CO^ CO 


rj^rf CO^ 


CD 


G» 


t> 


co. 


» 


i-* 




©4 


co o o" co" vf co ex 


00 ©" ** 


!> 


d 


gT 


o" 


«* 


t? 




O 


t- CO CO CX CO "* "* 


O ^ CO 


K 


i-i 


o 


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CD 


tO 




CO 
1-1 


CX CX G* C^ 

1— I 


CO -^cc^ 
aT of co" 

O* CO 


CO 

o 

CO 








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c^ 






t- OO CO CO ~i CO CO 


CO CO CD 


1-1 


r- 


p 


CO 


£- co 






O CX O U1 O »0 OO 


03 *-* CO 


CO 


tO 


4^ 


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rH 




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CX Cft^ffO ^WO^ 


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CO 


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CTi'rf'o' 


crT 


Ci 


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1~* 


o" 


o" 




o 


yjcoo< t>G^ •* iO 


CO f CO 


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CO 


CO 


t* 


CX 




oo 


CX i— i ^ 


"1 p* "^ 


CO 








v— 


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lOionooi wo 


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to 


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co" 

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CO CO CO 


<x> 


CO 


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lO O ^ CD •* CO ii 


^i"0 


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CD 


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CO 


CO 


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CO 


1> © OO CX "Tf CO G* 


coOi" 


»> 


CD 


m 


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CD 


lO 




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r-H CO t- CO CO CO 


O i— i i— i 


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k 


CO 


CD 


CD 




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CO 










cp^ 






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CD 
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CX 


CD 


1—1 






O^Ot-MXlb 


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CX ** © 


CO 


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CO 


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GO to CO 


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tO 


CM 


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t-«CM 


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CO "* CD 


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CO 


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81 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 







-T CD lO CO CO CD CO 


o o o 


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Ol 


—, 


o 


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CO 






»-< CO CX CX Tf CX CX 


o o o 


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to 


oa 


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tx 


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G5 ** i-" 


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tO 


ex 


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CO 


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cd^co^^ 

co" rf Co" 

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CX 

ex 






GO © © © CO CD ^r 


o o o 


© 


a 


© 


CO 


CD 


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o © © 


o 


i — i 


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CO 


CD 


CO 






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l> 


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CO 

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tO 


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to 


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t> co cd j> 


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CO 




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to" 
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in "i n n co o n< 


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tO 


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82 



TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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85 
TABLE No. VIL 







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86 
TABLE No. VII. — continued. 








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co r q ©^ ©^ t-^ ^ co^ 
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CO'* ' COi— i-»©t^i-hC7>CO'-1>CM© 

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t-h i i-( CM CO CO CO 



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r# co » Tl« «CMCOCMCOi--<i>CX>©CO© 

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j>rjT co" co^co"Go"cM"cM"to"co" cm" 

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87 
TABLE No. VII.— -continued 





CO 

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CX CO CO O CO • CO CO 


vO 




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fe 3 = -c £ S 2 ^ 






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b8 
TABLE No. VII.— continued, 



( 




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89 
TABLE No. VIII. 



•S 

a 



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CO 


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05 


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O O O cm , , o , , ©* 


<u « 


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1-1 jl-f 






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co co >o K i— CO CO CO 


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1 





12 



00 
TABLE No. IX. 



CO 

I- 



g 

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55 o £ • 





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C>_ 


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Chester an 






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91 
TABLE No, X. 





3 

8 

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lO to CO ©< CO CD ©4 ©< 
i i • i i i i»— "iCOiOOiaOiii— iOi 

i i i i i • i ^ i &T i i>"to"r> of i ccfco" i 


Vj 

u 




ID 

o 

i i i CO 

• i ■ ccT 


O ©* "- O 03003 0(«iOOO)W 

1-Hcoojco i>^ioaicoo50^n 

COO^^ •CO^^O^O^CO^CO^t'COtO ' 

i-^o'^&f i o~©fo"to~i-^i>co«i>' i 

— ©J *-H 


Of] 

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•r' 

a 

00 


1,819 


G^COC50iOOJ>COCOCO o ■* to 

cjio^o^^co^ajK ©* ©* i> 

• CO »C O > (^'# w O^CO &)_ ' -h 00^ co^ 

i GO^t^^ofcf^GfT^to^co" • oi^i-i 

t-C^^h rfi TfCOOJCO i-iCOCO 
CO i-i 


C 

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t-O 




■ 6 
a 

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24,072 
1,034 


uOtOO l> C0*-«O©*CDO>i-'© 
COOSt-i CO COCOCO^-'tOCOCO'* 

i T-^io^tO^ ' h • »o C0_ ©^ tq^ ca W O^ ©^ 

• CO to"rjT i ©T i »o o" co"" to" ©f co ** o" 
tO ©* ©JCOCO©* coco 
CO 






* 

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30 


14,320 
507 


toocoi>aoocoi>cocoK.'rt , toco!> 

0050l>CDO5TfCOtOl>rfCOCO©<COa 
CC^CO COtOCO©*C7iOOT-.cOtOrH»r5atO 

!>tO'-<©^'*COT-*CO Ol 
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CO 

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br, 


CO 

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do 


G5 
CT> 

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rtOcohOiO^cDHhO^ajO 

COCOCOOtOtOi-iOtOCXiOOi-'COt- 

i 05 cxT i> ©" of J> to" rjT co ©f of tO* Oi 

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a 

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t i l l i iG^OSt^iCOCOOt^i-^i^Ti 

— T-( 1— 1 ,— 1 Tf £> l-< 






a 

a 


2,021 

16,733 
19,706 
10,927 

18,349 
84,413 

20,287 

2,749 






1 

5- 


Kussia, - 
Prussia, - - 
Sweden, - - 
Swedish West-Indies, 


Denmark and Norway, 
Danish West-Indies, 
Holland, - 
Dutch W T est-Indies, 
Great-Britain, 
British West- Indies, 
Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 
France, - - 
French West-Indies, 
Spain, -'_'-. 
Spanish West-Indies, 
Portugal, - - 
Madeira, - 
West-Indies, (generally) 
Europe, - - 


c 

a, 

V. 

*3 



92 
TABLE No. X. — continued. 









05 CO « t* 


i— < 


i-i l> CO 05 O O CM 


on 




6 


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CM 


1 coacoco^oo ' 








CO CM OS 


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i-i CM t> l> O CO Oi 


U 


















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1 


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co" 


i o i^ •"tf 1 CO CO Oi i 


UQ 








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CO 

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GO O 


CO 


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■ i GO i i i 


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1 "tf" CO C- CM <0 CO C75 • 








© 


i> 


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u 


















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i &)^iO« n* J> • 


CO 




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• 1 1 1 • 1 1 


1 1 


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30 


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1 1 


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v-( 




l> 


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1 1 


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l> 


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'J1 




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CM 1 


BO CO 


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tt co G5 co t> a: co 


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co i 


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1 rf 


i CM © i-" CO ■<* © i 


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i ojh t-h GO CD l> © © 






7—1 




l-H CO 


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« 
















GO 

to 

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* 


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4-J 


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CO CM rr CO CO 


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CO 


CO 


i i> irfo *-T i i> 


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V— 1 


tO CM l> CM i 


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i—i 




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tO 


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co co co co cn 


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CO co^ rr ©^ co^ 


u 


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CM 


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co"co" 


i i co cd" co" co" cm" i i 


-* 




r " H 


M 


CO t> •* — i i-i 


CM 


CM tO CO CM 


t 








. • • . . 


• 


i • 

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1 


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1 

1 
1 1 

1 

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r 

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a. 




West-Indies, 
and Norwa 
r est-Indies, 

est-Indies, 


OK 

a 


g, Bremen, & 
West- Indies, 
West-Indies, 

> 

dies, (general 






— 




Prussia, 

Sweden, 

Swedish 

Denmark 

Danish \\ 

Holland, 

Dutch W 


i_ &~ 












Ham bur 

France, 

French 

Spain, 

Spanish 

Portugal 

Madeira 

West-In 

Europe, 





93 
TABLE No. X.— continued. 



OB 

c 
o 

o 

1 

-3 
5 

o 

CO 


so 


• G* ' ' CO • ' • • • ' ' 

G* CO 

i ii i I I ■ l 1 1 1 


o 

CO 




'_0 CO G* CO :f O CO O 
CO CO «0 rf i— I ~^CO Oi 

*-T b," *-T oT co" ©f 




CO 
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50 


395 

12,827 
2,402 

10,798 
9,662 

4,831 




i i 
i i 


in 

"o 

O 

CO 


c 
CO 


in co oo ex Oi »-• 
co • ' co t o o • o 
ex c^co cq^co co 

co" io ©C 

1 1 U0 1 




» © 


1 

1 


~r 
O 
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2,445 
540 

2,080 




CO 

• CO 

GO 


• 


C3 

O 
00 


»C O GO CO O 
i i rfr «3< iO » i-< CO ' ' • • 
CX ^ G* *f fcO 

gT t-T©r 

1 1 ^ 1 till 


1 


1802. 
252 
475 

1,349 

13,226 

591 

7,980 


fr- 
ee 
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CX Oi 
G^iO 


1 


o 

00 


O «-i Oi CX ^ tJ« Tf 

■ ex oo co O Oi io «oo 

i> r> cc^ i-^ ex co^ co^ 

CO CO i> ^ ^ 

i CO i 


■ 
i 


CO 
• 


1 

1 


co 


367 

2,100 

204,717 

2,443 

2,120 
3,819 
6,196 


1 


c 

2- 

1 


Denmark and Norway, 

Danish West-Indies, - 

Dutch West Indies, 

Great-Britain, 

British West-Indies, - 

France, 

French West-Indies, - 

Spain, - 

Spanish West-Indies, - 

Portugual, 


2 

s- 
03 

C 

<v 

. CD 

03 cj 
>— — 
•— i 

a •*-• 

^J 


a. 
i v 

P 

**3 



94 



TABLE No. X.— continued. 





CO 
QO 


CO CO 

i i • • iO ' • • • ' • »-i 

t- CO 

• 1 1 1 • 1 1 I 1 1 


CO 






CO uo 

i i • i i i t- i i co • • 
®1 "I, 

io go" 

1 1 1 1 1 • II II 


^ 




CD 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I t I 1 


1 
1 




50 

CO 


1 • 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 
1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 


1 


a 


CD 


«-■ O O 
, ••©G^l ,, G^«•• 

© »■* 
so" 

i * 1 CO i • i iii 


«£ 


3 
i 

1 



CO 


CO 

1 1 1 £<•» 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

i i i GO i i i i i i i i 


St 


31 


6 

CO 


• i i co « • i • O ' • ' 

°\ tr: L 
©f i-7 

i i i CO i i i i iii 


in 
1- 


ai 

Oh 


o 

00 


i i • m i i i i i i i i 

CO 

o 

i i i »0 i i i i t r i ■ 


w5 

O 

CO 




o 

i 


Denmark and Norway, 
Danish West-Indies, 
Dutch West-Indies, 
Great-Britain, - 
British West-Indies, 
France, - 
French West-Indies, - 
Spain, - 
Spanish West-Indies, 
Portugal, - 
Madeira, - 
West- Indies, (generally) 


u 

A, 

r 



95 
TABLE No. XI. 



tO . l> T-, ex 

CO "tf <X CX 

** i~ CX ^ 

' CO "* 



CD 03 0©<030K 

t-« ' CO 05 O) O) O I> 

t-i t^ to ^ Tf co^ r-i 

i i-T o"co 



CO J> T CO ex to tO 
1-1 • CD O 1> (X Tf CO 

T^ ex 



»o CO ^ . »-* 

0(M03 rt« 

1-1 T^ CO *-• 



rr C5 CO 

~ ex T-. 

CO CO, CD 



CO "* 

Tf CX 

ex ^ 



CD C- CO CX O "i 

i> co, go, ex ex i> 
t-Tcx ~ 



»> rf ^ CD Tf CO CO 

ex • coo t-GOO^o 



CD l> O CD CO i-i 

CD CO O O CO CO 

Tf U^T-^Tf O CO 

i-Tcx ™ 



co -t t- »o ex t> 
co ex <* ■<* os rji 
co »o *> -^co^co 
CO rp" 



CO O *-i CO J> CD CO 

ex ex o co co co co 
so ex co co co to io 



CO CO GO CD CO to tO 

CD ' CO t- •-* O tO O 

t-i COrtCOCOOi-i 

CO CO 



i> to ex co i> ex rf 

tO t- to CD tH CO t-h 

CO CX^r-^ iO CO J> 

ex" t-T tJT 



i> o »o> t- ex 

CO CO CO t> © 

tO^T-< ^ ^^ 

T-I Tjl CO 



TF tO 1> CO «* tO 

co co t-i ex co co 

i-H co ex to ^ j> 

ex t4 



-f ex to i> t-i o 

ex CO i-> GO to rf 
CD CO CO to t- 



co ex co co i> go 

rj« t- • i> CO co co 

co^co co co ex »-h 
co 





cocoOT-*coi>cDi>exo 


t- CO ex rF CO 


o 
o 


GOCOCXCO!>OJ>«>CDtO 


• T^ CO T-I CO T-I 


co^r-ico exc-coexr-i 


co ex go *o co 


CO 


T-I T— 1 


T-* 


i— i 


** 


1 



CO CO ^ 

0> > co 

^ 5-s 

B O ^ 

.«) C « 



■Si 



"tO g CO g 

+-> "z co cu CQ 

to « u c 

|^ <♦ top 
a 



-A X! 



oTx! 



<y 



iJlIl3ll}l!WJ 



r 



96 
TABLE No. XI.— continued. 



O CO t- <o 


O* OI t- CO i-t 


o 


CO t}» CX OS tO CO 






i CO *— CT> CO 


i-i O co co t-i 


OS 


© CM © CM ~-i CO 


d 

CO 




o 


co G i > 1 ~ 1 


CM tfi^Oi^ tr^ 




Oi Oi tj^ Oi^ CO CO 




50 


1—1 


co Go"*-f 




OI O i— i i— " of 






"" 


• 


•** 




y-H 


co 




CO CO CO 


Oi-*coi-<C0OirfG^ 




o 


• m ' irjio 


i— • co co ^ 


i—i 


CO K to CO OI © 


r^ 




CO cm 


t-, Oi CO CO 




CO CO *-> CO to CM 


















90 




CO CO 




t-h — CM 






rt 


1 1 








co 




"<* ■<* 






M> f(N l> 






-* 


CO CO • ' ' 

1— ( 


1 1 1 I 1 


i 


CO ^ CO I> »-• ' 
CO OI 


00 




50 


1—1 












—^ 


• • 1 


1 • • 1 1 


' 


1 






Oi CO 


CO CO 


CM rt CO CO CO Oi 






:0 


© Oi ' • » 


1 1 1 1 


f TT Oi OI t> CO i— 


© 




*-' '■*, 






^r ~ co i- i-( 




30 


CO 






of 








1 1 1 


III! 























CO CO -i iO 1" 


©« i-i o 


t- 


CO CO CO tO CO CO | 


J. 




O th CO CO 


• CO 00 cm • 


co 


t COiOCO«Tt • 
*-< CM CO GO "~ '^ 


-J 


GO^ 


co^co 




en 



co 


~ 


rfco 

1 1 




" "1 




1> 


© — o 




CO *t to J> J> i 


*!" 


* 


i CO ' ■ • 


' Oi O. lO • 


• 


• CO rf -Tf CO i> {*•£ 

*0 tO^^CO'g 


1 


,-, 


co^ 


© Oi^CO 




o 


CO 


1 ~ l 


CO TH 




«- 


3 










■ 1 




J> t-i Oi Oi 


CO GO ^ © 




O CM CO tO CM 




9 


O CQ co Tf • 


• CO to *-« CO 


• 


• oi co © cm k 


© 

CO 


< 


CX T^CM ^H 


»- eooi ©i 




i-^C^t- CM^CO 


00 


co" 


co to 




T— *. 1— < T— . 




X 


*"! 


1 


■ 


i 


' 




— 


Oi CO CO C 


CO CO © Oi 




Oi CO J> 1> 


s 


• 


'tCO^&l ' 


• to CO © CM 


i 


i rf tO l> CO ' 


tO 


CO 


05 
© 


t^CO^i-i CO 


CO '-O^Oi i-i 




©^ ©^ Oi co 


cc 


00 


i-~rf 


GO~GO~ 




t-h"io" 1-1 


^ 


H 


— 1 


• 


1 


i 


1 1 




> 


























< 














£-r 






.* 1 




• ' 




CC 




1 


• 

1 1 

1 

i en 


■ 


I • ■ 

1 1 

1 

1 ' * 


<J 




"£ 


i 






• y^-^s 


u 






lies, - 
way, 

es, 


• ^ O <* 
en r } 

en cd ^ r- 


• 


GS, 

ies, 
erally 


• — 
or 








ndie 

ican 
emei 




2 ►— , b£ 


43 










t— 1 1 ' v™> 


P 






i Wes 
k and 
West- 


"7 c ' k. i- 
+L '3 en ui CQ 
en ra a) c 
CU .tS *^r C ^ 


• 


West- 
West 

dies, l 


^ 






Sweden 

Swedish 

Denmar 

Danish 

Holland 

Dutch \ 

Great-B 

British ' 

British . 

Hambur 


France, 

French 

Spain, 

Spanish 

Portuga 

Madeira 

West-In 





97 
TABLE No. XII. 



c- o G* 

tO t> • CD 

i-irf CD 



CO CO 
CD ^ 



OOJ^hO^O *-• 
Oi GO tO tO <0 CO CO Tf 



l> t-i GO 



co 



Oi^cO^K W CO rf 

COM^OOJOW • CO 

U CO^ CO »0 03 «■* CO t- 

I> i-h" gT go" lO 

tO 1-1 i 



GO (N iO ^f OJ rf (O r-i 




CO ^i CO CO O) t- tH i i-h 


■ ; 


to 


ih iO- t !> lO t^ Q l> 




o 






CO 


— t- i-i -* ■** co 






■^ ■^-> i 


I 


iiOCOOO^iO'-' o 




• 


iO O CO ^ ■* >0 ^ ■ i-H 




rf 


CO CO l> GO I> ^-< CM CO 




o 






CO 


r-t to CM rf 03 CD 




1-1 


"* i 






COOlCOrtCOO&iOCO 




GO 
O 


•*iOiOiocot'Tt<Loai 




^O'-iC^'-iCDCO^t- 








CO 


i-* CM GO i> CM O 




rt 


nf rn i-i 






uO CO — GO J> CM CO 


i 


• 


CO GO "^ CO • fc- CM 'CM 




O* 


b, CD J> CM Tf CO "<* 




o 






CO 


»-* i-i O O i-i »o 




*"■ 


»0 i CM i 




l> Ci Tt< 05 G-* CD O T 






CO O: OJ G>J OJ CO iO "OS 






O CO O CO ^ 2J !M £> 




o 






CO 


HCO CO-h CD i-i 




*"" 


CO i 






CO i-< tO CO tO *— »o CD 




6 

o 


G^l>'-'Tf'5fO0'^ 1 »C0 




co ccy^o^so co^co^ to 




CO 


i-4" to g-T cT g-T of 




*"■' 


co • 






■ 

i 






• , tn i | 






1 <U ' /"■>. 






SJ 


o 

8- 


-indies, 

Indies, 

ndies, 

ndies, 

can Cole 

Indies, 

-Indies, 

(general 




~c 




*■» 




??->->' A *- -t-> en 


<u 


•^ 


^ <« t/i c/i 4) CO Q» tn 


P> 


s 


Swedish W 
Danish We 
Dutch We: 
British We 
British Am 
French We 
Spanish W 
Madeira, 
West-Indie 


<^D 



13 



TABLE No. XII— continued. 





G«| T-i 


ex o co co © oi 




• 


Oi CO 


C5 t> *-< o o ' t- 


Ol 




CO 


— © 


i—i ci ex •* co co 


ex 














CO 


tO Ci 


«- l ^«" iO 


CO 




""' 




CX CX , ym 


^o ** 


tO © co co —< lo 






• 


CD O 


00 CO l> CTi C5 • CX 


1T5 




[2 


O ©*, 


tO^ ^O CD 


co 




CO 


^*-T 


Co" iO ©f lO 

1 


"* 


00 


G5 *i 




** 


iO • 


• • ' ejO ' • 


ex 




CC^ 


^ oo 


o 




CO 


1 


• 1 1 II 


ex 


£> 


O ex »- 




CO 


CX • 


• • • co co ' co 


• 




w 


lO co^ 






CO 


t> 


ex 






T ""' 


1 


lit 1 


1 


o 


wm © «"* -* O G5 




ex' 


io «> 


' CO CO 00 CO IQ ^o 


■ 




©l^tH 


rf iO <Ji^ tO^ 




o 


DO 


CO 


<^r &r o 


i 














K »fl 


Tf O CO CX CO 




03 




CO 05 


• o *-< i> — ■ i- 


^* 


V) 


•"* ' 


co ~ 


O ex ^ to cxi 


3 










o 


CO 


ex" 


ex io co 




JS 


f* 


*-H 


1 T* 1 




7 










»-H 


>o ex i> co i> 


i 


O 


"* t- 


» Tf ex oo co • C5 


o 


lO CO 


t-^co CX CX^ »-« 


>o 


2 


DO 


oT 


of co ex 
. ex i 


co 




05 CO CO 




3 

GO 


35 

O 


CO -H 

co^co 


1 CO 1> ■ O ■ • 


CO* 




co~ 


T-T i^T 






*"' 


*"• 


i »-< i !• 








1 


• 
• i 

• • 






"e 




0) 


w 








■ i ■ . S 


w 
.O 




a 
ft 


CO 

.2 <« 

■a « 


t-lndies, 
st-Indies, 
erican Col 
st-Indies, 
sst-Indies, 

s, (general 


ft 




~ 




fe» S <; ^ ^ --o 

„ J3 _C -C K .mm «-H 

— -« en c« CJ •— tu •, 


*2 


1 




£ "? S cS *J3 C C r^ 1Z 

|| S -c -c £ gj £ 

^ Q Q PQ C3 C^ '/: S ^ 





99 
TABLE No. XIII. 



TfHrnOt-iCOCOOrttO 
i-TrH^ f-Toi" GO 



co co^o '1 g^ o^ -^ oj rj< go 

<£ ^f rf CD ©f gT 00 

GO t-h 



G<— 'COC-COGOCOCC'-'CO 



r-i Oib"-! >o hya 



LofC. 



a5COCO©l>vO»0»0©£> 
CO ^^G^CT^C^^i-^CO CO__ 

!> ^ oT co" i-T © »-*" t> 

GO O* r-i 



l©< CO ^ CO O^ CO C OJ CO CO 
OCftOCOOiOCOCDCOOl 
iO C^ G^ O ^ O^ fc^ ©^ CO G^ 

'-^Gfafco"voco~^to v co 

GO 



co^O-^Oico-f'ncoT-iO 
t^ « rf lO o o d C3 1> CO 
»-0 ©_ CO^ CO G^ ©^ K ■*£ CO C^ 

of co" <x go" t-T co go" i> 



COCT>CO©'GrtC©©*©**OCO 

OOOOCOCOTO'tCOCO 

ocoTjiGOK'-iioaa'* 



CX CO '-• G^ 



CO <* 



^OOtD&tOcot^iO 
O O ©^ CCv C-^ G4 «3T "* t— CO 

go" *o" ■■* go *o of 



G< O 1> CO "* t- CO CO G-i CO 

(M'OCDCOOCO'-^CO^ 
COT—^G-JC-t^CO'— G<irH 





• 




o 






















^ 


a 


r, 


GO 


tn 




w 


U 


C/J 

CD 


Cy 


01 




-5 


c 
re 
u 


-a 

a 




*"? 


c 


j, 


J-. 


ji, 










0) 


t/j 




(U 


PQ 


> 

-a 


s 

< 


0) 

J2 
















u 


V 


'43 




a 

0) 


a 




i— 


•_. 




ib 




QOffiCOt, 


cc 



*1 



rrt en 



100 



TABLE No. XIH.^-continuei> 







icoh«oO'ina)«^ 








6 

CM 










co j^-Ti^r >£-*£go~ ©f 








- | rt r-1 r- 






|©*i— OOt^COi-*CMt^l>C5l 






^ Uo CO L^ CO uO !> CO co a io las 
2kOTfCOi-iGO^Oii>005 o 


















CO CM Ci »— CO Ci »-h CO 


o 






-1 | ^ 








^ t^ Oi CO CO 










C5 • ' ' ■ • CM CO CO *-■ 


11 






~ " 


lO r* © *""< 


° 






30 


1)111' 


lO 






r— cm a t »o 








so 


t- i i • • ' o O lO CT> 


I 






i- f-. ©^cm co 








30 


o oT 








"■" 


1-1 1 1 1 1 1 


■ 






03 iO CO CD CO o - G^ 








cm 


C0>0 ' ObCOCOOJCOCO 


1 




•+-> 


rf i-i O (X i CO C5 CO i* 






<v 










t2 


30 


CO y— Ci &Ji- o 






e 


■~~ 


1 CM l-« 


• 






Ci lO o CO © CM © 05 ©J 






a 


• 


^ >0 ' IO CD CO K U t^ CO 


CM* 




53 


zr 


co^ cm o CO O T< o o &t 







00 


CD CO <> ©f t> ~* G0~ 






1 


" 


i CX rH i-i 








iiOCXC3iO)CX«»OCO| 




s^ 


d 


jlMHt'CD'OOCOHH ^; 




Z 


t^ LO ^ c» CO^ CO^ ii o^co^co 


ox 




< 


30 


<D CI 1> Co" t- *-** ©>f 










1-1 1— 1 1— 1 






£ 












n >0 CM O CM CO ii CM 






-o 


d 

3 


CO CO OJ CO i CO • ©1 o • 


• 




^ ""i '■"' T ~ 4 ~ "*., ^ p. °1 


i-< j 




CC 


00 


CO" rm t-T C© t-4 CO' t-T 
ii i-i i CM i 


tfc 


i 


C/2 














hrt 






1 










■ 




<J 




1 


; 




o 




1 * t • 1 






ffl 


-a 

43 


1 

1 1 1 

1 
1 
J 1 


i 

1 

J 






*£ 


• •» I 


«J 






~ 


CO 


3 






B 1 


.2; ^ 








cy ~ »> O ~ CO f3 

. — to ~ i«n w o >- 
r-< cj tn oj w cy .— co 


r 






■-? 


j^-;^r "3 £ 12 C a) 


<ai 






■■— ■ 


i) i-" i ,~ •*-> ^- *^ co ,. 


















j_ w (o — > •-- co cp «" qj co 










"co ^'W-.^~2 c: 


1 








-5 .2 -53 ■£ 2 : w ° •= "3 *L 

a c " rt? "-S '-C c S ~a ^ 

I 5 s £ •= -c e 5 ^ « 





















101 
TABLE No, XIV. 





iQlCO 






r*\ 




CO 
- 


i i i i © rf CO 
»o co go 


■ i 


1 • • 


1 1 1 


lO 




30 


i i i i CO 


• i 


1 1 • 


1 1 1 


ex 

© 
to 


, 


C- COOJ O 




CO »-i 






C" 


i i CO i CO *- TT 


i i 


• b- i> 


III 




o 


CO co^— -^ 




T^CO 






CO 


• i , i-T -«t irf 


■ i 


1 1H 


I 1 1 


ex 




^ ^ 










CO CX C- "* 


■<* 


C" to 






CO • i " i iQOO 


i © 


i O0 "* 


1 1 1 


to 




© ©^ ex^ ©^ <* 


rj< 


rji CO^ 






2 1 - 1 i -* i co »s ©f 


• 


i *-i 


1 1 1 


CX 




-<* 






=6© 


Ci CD CO &» 


CD 


go od 








tO 


i • GO • tO CO TT 


1 Tt« 


i CO Tf 


1 1 I 






o 


© i> co^co^ 


GO 


T-^CO^ 








CO 


i i to i coco"g( 


i 


1 »-i 1-1 


1 I A 






^ 


iQ 










.1 O) CO CX O O CO 


tO 


CO ~? 


GO »- 






""* 


i CO t- *-< CO *-* 1> 


I CX 


i 1C CO 


i co >o 






o 


co j> to co ^ rr 


co 


CD tO 


GO CO 






CO 


, i-T to" co" co" 




1 




I i 




"- 1 


CO 










f CO © © to 






go rf 






• i i I r-itOCOCO 
>3 CO CO tO CO 


i i 


1 1 1 


1 T-l 1> 










GO tO 






CO i I i CO CO ex 


■ i 


1 1 1 








~ 1 "^ D 










Oi »-i CO K l> 


t- CO 


rt< 


CO ' 


jCO 


CX 

o 


' • i> — l-O ex ■* 


CX 00 


I CO • 


• T^ 1 




cy 


co cfo }> »o ©^ 


r> ex^ 


t> 


CO 




t. 


CO 


i i »-T ex iO CO 


•* 


i ex" i 


1 I 
































| 










r^ CO © 










3h 


• 


i i • i (Mt?CD 


i i 


■ i i 


1 1 1 




< 


o 


G^CX i-^ 










C_i 


CO 


, i , , CD l>CO 


■ i 


i i i 


i i 1 








rP 










t— CO CO J> CO 


<tf 


rt 




i 




• 


i . _ C r, jo co *- 


• OD 


• iO ' 


1 1 t 






o 


jo to -^ co ■<* 


© 


CO 








o 














CO 


i ■ GO CX CX 


1 1-H 


• 1— 1 1 


1 1 I 








"tf 








i 






1 


4 


1 1 1 














„ 






i ^ 




t 




to 






• | 1 CO 








<~, 






' . a) 






•— s 1 


"g 




CO 


!st-Indies, 

t-lndies, 

-Indies, 

n, 

t-lndies, 

rican Colon 


""3 


to ' 

a 

CO 


"73 

bJO 


CO 

CO 






_yj co ♦-■ •"- co CD 


CO 


1 cu 


» CO 




■ 


I 


Sweden, 
Swedish W 
Danish We 
Dutch Wes 
Great-Brita 
British We 
British Am 
France, 
French We 
Spain, 
Spanish W< 
Portugal, 
Madeira, 
West-Indie 
Europe, 





102 
TABLE No. XIV— continued. 



CiCO(£)iOhOtO<K«3>WOO 
w* GO CM OO^COt^COO^C^t-cOt-i rf 

CO 
CO 



rf CO'*^ « « I> CM 



c — t>0'- , - H o: 115 « 10 «« ^ 

CO (X iO O) CO >0 • CM GO Oi CO i> CM lO 

CO^G^Tft^'-^^ ^ CO GO^ CO CO © t-< 

<w ©"go" t> • «■* co *-T 



co 



CO CM OS -co 
CM Tf 



CO 



rf CM CO O » O 

t-, CD CO CO "** r-i 



CO O 
<M CO 
CM 



CO C CO 

G!hC3 
(NOW 



lO ir; CO CD O CO CO 

iO O — iO iQ CX »-i 

i- OD CO rt i-H *> -^f 

co" t> co" 



Ci CO CD 
1 COr-GI 

lO CO co^ 

i t> co'i-T 



CO C5 OS 

CO « co^ 

r4 Go"to" 



CD GO 

CO O 

cn !-■ 



t^ OD CD 

ex >o CO 
co r-TcM" 



CO t- t- CM 

CO "- CO "^ 
O CD L-^l> 

~ co"co"i-r 



w 



G< 



— < CO 

ex >o 
I- o 



io >o cm 

CM r-H CO 

J> CM ^ 
CO" i-i" CO" 

ex 



"Ocot 

■ O CM i-i CO 
CO CM^ ^ i> 

i co co" co" rf 



- o 
£0 



B.2 

Jo CO 



c 


T3 






B 




U 






u 






C 












Ih 


O 
> 




- 

PQ 


c/. 


0) 

£ 

< 


-G 


~ 


i 


- 


.n 


;/> 


















C 
CO 


3 




'S 


i- 



CD 
fc/D 



J3 cd 



a c .s c3^ « o 



«H3 



rt 0) « « 



' — *■ J- *~ C^C-OviH!^. 



W 






103 
TABLE No. XV. 





. OS O 










00 


CM i CO i 










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105 
TABLE No. XVI 



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107 
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QEClJCQQDZlCn&t.coCL^OM 



CHAPTER IV. 



The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st, which constitutes vegeta- 
ble food, as wheav, flour, rice, indian corn, rye, &c.«~2d, the products of 
animals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, horses, &c. — 3d, 
tobacco, — 4th, cotton, and 5th, others of less importance, as flax-seed, indi- 
go, wax, &c. — The quantity and value of each of these exported at differ- 
ent periods — Value of manufactures exported — A comparative view of the 
value of the products of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manu- 
factures exported in each year from 1803 to 1816. 

The principal employment of the inhabitants of North-America, 
from its first settlement, has been that of agriculture. The first emi- 
grants soon found, that nothing promised such important advantages, 
and furnished such easy means of subsistence, as the cultivation of 
new lands. The labour bestowed in clearing them not only furnish- 
ed the surest means of subsistence, but also added to the permanent 
value of the lands themselves. The immense tracts of vacant, unclear- 
ed lands in the United States, has always rendered it easy, for those 
who possessed an ordinary share of industry, to obtain more than suf- 
ficient for cultivation. The ease with which families can be support- 
ed, by this mode of employment, has induced early marriages ; popu- 
lation has increased with the means of subsistence ; and wealth and 
happiness have generally attended the independent cultivator of the 
soil. , 

The surplus produce of the agriculture of the United States ba^ 
been exchanged for those articles, either of necessity, convenience, 
or luxury, which they did not manufacture, or which could only be 
procured from foreign nations ; and the productions of agriculture, 
both before and since the American revolution, have constituted much 
the greatest portion of their domestic exports. These productions 
have been classed into those — 

1st, which constitute vegetable food, such as wheat, flour, rice, In- 
dian corn, rye, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. 



110 

2d, the product of animals, as beef, tallow, hides, butter anct 
cheese, pork and lard, or the animals themselves, as live cattle, hor- 
des, mules, sheep, &ic. 

3d, tobacco. 

4th, cotton. 

5th, others of minor importance, as indigo, flax-seed, wax, &c. 

Wheat, the most valuable of all vegetables, was brought into Amer- 
ica by the first settlers, and has been cultivated with success, from 
the first settlement of the country. For a long time, it has been the 
staple of the middle states, and was formerly produced in great 
abundance, in the eastern states. For some years past, however, the 
growth of wheat in New-England has, in a great degree, failed. The 
states of Maryland and Virginia have, long since, exchanged part of 
their tobacco lands, for wheat ; and during the late war, in the more 
southern states, the cultivation of wheat was substituted for cotton. 
Wheat and flour have always constituted a large proportion of the ex- 
ports of this country. 

In the year 1770, the quantity of wheat exported from the North- 
American Colonies, now United States, was seven hundred and fifty- 
one thousand two hundred and forty bushels 5 of this eleven thousand 
seven hundred and thirty-nine went to England ; one hundred and 
forty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty-five, to Ireland ; five 
hundred and eighty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-one, to the 
south of Europe, and nine hundred and fifty-five, to the West-Indies. 
During the same year, forty-five thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
eight tons of flour and bread were also exported, of which two hun- 
dred and sixty-three tons went to England ; three thousand five hun- 
dred and eighty-three, to Irelaud ; eighteen thousand five hundred 
and one, to the south of Europe ; twenty-three thousand four hundred 
and forty-nine, to the West-Indies ; and seventy-two to Africa. The 
official value of the wheat was estimated at £131,467 10 sterling, 
and the flour and bread at £504,553 6 1 making £636,020 6 11 
or about §2,862,190. The amount exported from the United States, 
from the peace of 1703, to the commencement of the present govern- 
ment, cannot be ascertained with any degree of precision. 



Ill 

The quantity exported from 1791, to 1816, with the value since 
1803, was as follows : — 





Wheat. 


Flour. 


Value of both. 




Bushels 


Barrels. 


Dolls. 


1791 


- 1,018,339 


619,681 




1792 


853,790 


824,464 




1793 


- 1,450,575 


1,074,639 




1794 


696,797 


846,010 




1795 


141,273 


687,369 




1796 


31,226 


725,194 




1797 


15,655 


515,633 




17 8 


15,021 


567,558 




1799 


10,056 


519,265 




1800 


26,853 


653,052 




1801 


239,929 


1,102,444 




1802 


280,281 


1,156,248 




1803 


-. 686,415 


1,311,853 


9,310,000 


1804 


127,024 


810,008 


7,100,000 


1805 


18,041 


777,513 


8,325,000 


1806 


86,784 


782,724 


6,867,000 


1807 


766,814 


1,249,819 


10,753,000 


1808 


87,330 


263,813 


1,936,000 


1809 


393,889 


846,247 


5,944,000 


1810 


325,924 


798,431 


6,846,000 


1811 


216,833 


1,445,012 


14,662,000 


1812 


53,832 


1,443,492 


13,687,000 


1813 


288,535 


1,260,943 


13,591.000 


1814 


. 


193,274 


1,734,000 


1815 


17,634 


862,739 


7,209,000 


1816. 


62,321 


729,053 


7 ? 712,000 



The years of greatest exportation of these articles, since 1791, were 
1793, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1807, and 1811, in the last of which, 
the value of wheat and flour exported amounted to the sum of 
$14, 662,000, exceeding, by nearly four millions, that of any former 
year. This great increase, however, was owing, principally, to th« 



112 

enhanced price of those articles, during that year. In 1807, the av- 
erage price of wheat, at the principal places of exportation, was $1 25 
per bushel, and of flour, $7 per barrel ; in 1811, the price of wheat 
was $1 75, and of flour, $9 50.* 

Tables No. I. and II. shew the different countries and places, to 
which these articles have been exported from 1800, to 1816. The 
West-Indies, Spain, Portugal, and Great-Britain have been the princi- 
pal consumers of our wheat and flour. The West-India Islands have al- 
ways furnished a market for a large proportion of them, and in times 
of scarcity in Great-Britain, and in the southern parts of Europe, 
the United States have come in competition with the grain countries 
of the north of Europe. In 1801, a year of scarcity in Great-Bri- 
tain, the United States exported to that kingdom two hundred and 
sixteen thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven bushels of wheat, 
and four hundred and seventy-nine thousand seven hundred and 
twenty barrels of flour. In 1807, six hundred and sixty-nine thou- 
sand nine hundred and fifty bushels of wheat, and three hundred 
twenty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight barrels of flour 
were also exported to Great-Britain. The late unfortunate and dis- 
tressed situation of Spain and Portugal has called for a large propor- 
tion of our grain, not only for the ordinary supply for the inhabitants, 
but for the support of the allied armies, in those countries. In 1811, 



* The prices, by which the value of wheat and flour exported has been 
calculated at the Treasury Department, since the year 1806, (being the ave- 
rage prices at the principal places of exportation,) were as follows : — 







Wheat price 


Flour price 






per bushel. 


per barrel. 


1806 


- 


$1 33 


- §8 


1807 


- 


1 25 


7 


1808 


- 


1 25 


6 50 


1809 


- 


1 25 


6 


1810 


- 


1 50 


7 50 


1811 


- 


1 75 


9 50 


1812 


- 


1 94 


10 00 


1813 


- 


1 75 


11 00 


1814 






9 50 


1815 


- 


1 25 


8 


1816 


- 


1 7^ 


10 



113 

no less than five hundred twenty-nine thousand one hundred and five 
barrels of flour, and fifty-five thousand and thirty-three bushels of 
wheat were shipped to Portugal, and three hundred six thousand and 
seventy-four barrels of flour, and twenty-one thousand one hundred and 
ninety -nine bushels of wheat, to Spain, making in the whole, to the 
Peninsula, during that year, eight hundred thirty-five thousand one 
hundred and seventy-nine barrels of flour, and seventy-six thousand 
two hundred and thirty-two bushels of wheat, the value of which at 
the places of exportation exceeded eight millions of dollars. If to this 
is added the enhanced ptice, in the foreign market, the value cannot 
fall much short of twelve millions. The following quantities of wheat 
and flour were shipped to Spain and Portugal, during the years 1812 
and 1813, viz.— 





To 


Spain. 


ToPo 


rtugal. 




Wheat. 


Flour. 


Wheat. 


Flour, 




bushels. 


barrels. 


bushels. 


barrels. 


1812 


8,865 


381,726 


33,591 


557,218 


1813 


74,409 


431,101 


214,126 


542,399 



Making nine hundred seventy-three thousand and five hundred bar- 
rels of flour to Spain and Portugal for the year 1813. The value of 
wheat and flour, therefore, which went to those countries in that year 
was $11,213,447, at the places of exportation. In a foreign market 
their value could not be less than fifteen millions. 

In Great-Britain, various regulations, at different times, have been 
made, relative to the exportation and importation of grain. The 
limited extent of that country, in proportion to its population, and 
the employment of so many of its inhabitants, in commerce and man- 
ufactures, have, for many years past, rendered a foreign supply of 
grain necessary, in case of any considerable failure of their crops. 
To encourage the production of domestic grain, and to remedy the 
evils, arising from a scarcity in consequence of bad crops, the British 
government have given a bounty on the exportation of grain, when 
its price was below a certain sum, and have allowed its importation, 
with a very small duty, when it has risen in price to a sum which is 
fixed by law ; and for many years past, in times of great scarcity, a 

15 



114 

large bounty has been given, on the importation of foreign grain. In 
1773, when the price of middling wheat in Great-Britain, was under 
44s. rye 28s. barley 22s. oats 14s. per quarter,* a bounty of 5s. per 
quarter on wheat. 3s. on rye, 2s. 6d. on barley, and 2s. on oats was giv- 
en on its exportation. When the price of middling wheat was 44s. or 
more, its exportation was prohibited, under a forfeiture of 20s. per bush- 
el ; and when the price of wheat was at, or above 48s. rye, peas or 
beans 32s. barley 24s. oats 16s., the high duties on importation ceased, 
and wheat was allowed to be imported, on paying the trifling duty of 
6d. per quarter, 2d. per cwt. on flour, 3d. per quarter on rye, peas or 
beans, 2d. on barley, and 2d. on oats. These prices were altered at 
subsequent periods. In consequence of a scarcity in 1795, a bounty 
was granted of 16 to 20s. per quarter, according to the quality, on 
wheat, and 6s. per cwt. on flour, from the South of Europe, till the 
quantity imported should amount to four hundred thousand quarters, 
and from America, till it should amount to five hundred thousand quar- 
ters ; and 12s. to 15s. from any other part of Europe, till it should 
amount to five hundred thousand quarters, and 8s. to 10s. after it ex- 
ceeded that quantity, to continue till the 30th of September 1796, 
In 1800, in consequence of a deficiency in the harvest of the prece- 
ding year, the British government, by an act passed the beginning of 
April, granted to the importer, the difference between the average 
price of English wheat, the second week after importation, and 90s. 
on wheat from the South of Europe, Africa, and America ; Sos. from 
the Baltic, and Germany ; and 90s. from Archangel, if imported be- 
fore the 1st of October of that year. In December of the same year, 
the prices still continuing high, by another act, the difference between 
the average price of foreign wheat, the third week after entry, and 
100s. was guaranteed to the importers of all wheat weighing fifty-three 
pounds per bushel, or four hundred and twenty-four pounds per quar- 
ter imported after the 1st of December of that year, — two hundred and 
eighty pounds of whealen flour, except American, to be equal to a 
quarter. American flour was to be sold by auction, and to receive 
the difference between the price at which it sold and 90s. per each 
barrel of one hundred and ninety-six pounds. In consequence of 
these acts, the bounty paid, on the importation of grain, in 1796, 

* A quarter is eight Winchester bushels. 



115 

amounted to £599,834 sterling; and in 1801, it amounted to the 
sum of £1,420,355 sterling, or about §6,381,000. The quantity of 
grain of all sorts, imported into Great-Britain in 1801, was two mil- 
lion twenty-seven thousand five hundred and fifteen quarters, or more 
than sixteen millions of bushels, and the quantity of meal was one 
million one hundred and twenty-five thousand seven hundred and 
four cwt. The average price of wheat in England in 1795 was 
74s. 2d. per quarter, and in 1796 was 77s. Id. ; in 1800, the aver- 
age price per quarter was 113s. 7d. and in 1801, 118s. 3d. In 
1803, the price was reduced to 56s. per quarter, and the growers com- 
plained of the inadequacy of this price, and in 1804, a law was pass- 
ed, granting a bounty of 5s. per quarter on the exportation of wheat, 
when the average price of it was at 48s. per quarter, and when above 
54s. not to be exported. By this act, also, wheat, if imported from 
Quebec, or other British Colonies, when the average price is under 
53s. pays the high duty of 24s. 3d. above 53s. and under 56s. pays 
2s. 6d., and above 56s. 6d. ; when imported from any foreign 
country, the average price being under 63s. pays the high duty of 
24s. 3d. per quarter; above 63s. and under 66s., 2s. 6d., above 
66s. 6d.* By the report of a committee of the house of commons, 
made in July, 1814, on petitions relating to the corn laws of Great- 
Britain, it appears that, in consequence of the advanced price of 
rent and labour, and the increase of taxes, particularly the proper- 
ty tax, 80s. per quarter, or 10s. sterling, ($2 25) per bushel, is 
the lowest price which would afford the British grower of wheat, an 
adequate remuneration. This report is founded on information, ob- 
tained from every part of the kingdom. In consequence of this re- 
port, the British Parliament passed a law, prohibiting the importation 
of foreign wheat for consumption, unless the price of English wheat 
should be 10s. sterling or more per bushel. The law, however, was. 
unpopular in London, and its passage occasioned serious riots in that 
city. This brief sketch of the corn laws of Great-Britain, -about 
which a diversity of opinion has prevailed among the political econo- 
mists of that country, cannot be uninteresting to the American farmer, 
merchant, or statesman. It is difficult to ascertain what price will 
simply remunerate the grower of wheat in the United States. In 

* See Comber's Enquiry, 1808, and Oddy's European Commerce, 



116 

1 806 and 1 807, when great quantities of wheat and flour were export- 
ed, the average price of wheat was only $1 27 per bushel, and the 
average price of flour $7 50 per barrel. 

The population of England and Wales in 1801, according to an 
enumeration then made, was about nine millions three hundred and 
thirty thousand, and Mr George Chalmers estimated the consumption 
of grain of all sorts, at that time, in England and Wales, to be as fol- 
lows, viz. — 

Quarters Bushels. 

Bread com, one qr. each, 9,330,000 eight bush, per qr. 74,640,000 

Corn made into drink, 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000 

Corn for cattle,poultry,&c. 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000 



18,660,000 149,280,000 

How far the United States have come in competition with the 
grain countries situated around the Baltic, in the articles of wheat and 
flour, will appear on comparing the exports of those articles, from 
those countries respectively. 

The whole quantity of wheat, exported from all the ports of the 
Baltic in the years 1801 and 1802, being years of great exportation, 
was, for 

1801 . . . . 994,609 quarters* 

1802 . . . ' . 1,032,941 do. being, on an ave- 
rage of these two years, about one million of quarters, or eight millions 
of Winchester bushels. The average quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States, during the same years, (allowing five bushels of wheat to 
a barrel of flour,) was about five millions nine hundred thousand bu- 
shels, falling about two millions short of the quantity exported from all 
the extensive grain countries situated around the Baltic. The value 
of grain of all kinds annually exported from the Baltic, in common 
years, amounts to about two millions sterling, or about nine millions 
of dollars. In some years, however, it has amounted to eight mil- 
jions sterling.! The value of grain, including rice, shipped from 
the United States, on an average of the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, 

* 2 Vol. of Oddy, f 2 Vol. of Oddy. 



117 

was about twelve and a half millions of dollars, and in the years 1811, 
1812, and 1813, was as follows, viz. — 

Dolls. 

1811 20,391,000 

1812 17,797,000 

1813 19,041,000 

This increase, it is well known, was occasioned by the great de- 
mand for grain arid provisions of all kinds in Spain and Portugal du- 
ring these years, and the enhanced prices of the articles themselves* 
In 1811, the year of the greatest exportation, the value 

of wheat, flour, and biscuit, was §14,662,000 
of Indian corn and meal, - 2,896,000 

of rice, - - - 2,387,000 

of all other, rye, oats, pulse, potatoes, &c. 446,000 



Making $20,391,000* 

RICE. 

The culture of rice was introduced into South-Carolina about the 
year 1694. Different accounts have been given as to the manner of 
its first introduction. The account, however, given by Dr. Ramsay, 
in his valuable history of South-Carolina, published in 1809, is proha- 
bly the most correct, and which we shall give in his own words : 

" Landgrave Thomas Smith, who was governour of the Province in 
1693, had been at Madagascar, before he settled in Carolina. There 

* The value of grain exported from the empire of Russia, in 1802, was as 
follows -4 

Rubles. 

Wheat 4,055,907 

Rye 5,604,422 

Barley - - - '- - - - 1,004,144 

Oats 206,056 

Other corn 99,754 

Wheat and rye flour 157,809 

In Spirits made from native corn - 368,153 

11,496,245 

* Oddy's European Commerce. 



118 

he observed, that rice was planted and grew in low and moist ground. 
Having such ground, at the western extremity of his garden attached 
to his dwelling-house in East Bay street, he was persuaded that rice 
would grow therein, if seed could he obtained. About this time a 
vessel from Madagascar, being in distress, came to anchor near Sulli- 
van's Island. The master of this vessel inquired for Mr. Smith as 
an old acquaintance. An interview took place. In the course of con- 
versation Mr. Smith expressed a wish to obtain some seed rice to plant 
in his garden, by way of experiment. The cook being called said 
he had a small bag of rice suitable for that purpose. Thi9 was pre- 
sented to Mr. Smith, who sowed it in a low spot of his garden, which 
now forms a part of Longitude lane. It grew luxuriantly. The little 
crop was distributed by Mr. Smith, among his planting friends. From 
this small beginning, the first staple commodity of Carolina took its 
rise. It soon after became the chief support of the Colony."* 

Its introduction was an object of great importance to that country. 
It was valuable, not only for the consumption of the inhabitants oi 
that Province, but it soon became the staple of the country, as an ar- 
ticle of exportation. By an act of Parliament of the 3 and 4 of Ann, 
(1706) rice was placed among the enumerated commodities, and 
could only be shipped directly to Great-Britain ; but afterwards, in 
the year 1730, it was permitted, under certain limitations and re- 
strictions, to be shipped and carried directly from Carolina, to any 
part of Europe south of Cape Finisterre. In the year 1724, eighteen 
thousand barrels of rice were exported, and in the year 1733, thirty- 
six thousand five hundred and eighty-four barrels from South-Carolina, 
and in 1739, seventy-one thousand four hundred and eighty-four bar- 
rels, and in 1740, no less than ninety-one thousand one hundred and 
ten barrels. From November 1760 to September 1761, one hundred 
thousand barrels were exported.! From the table of exports of the 
North-American Colonies, for the year 1770, it appears, that during 
that year, one hundred fifty thousand five hundred and twenty-nine 
barrels of rice were exported, and that seventy-four thousand and se- 
venty-three were shipped to Great-Britain, thirty-six thousand two 

* Doct. Ramsay's History of South-Carolina. 

f Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, and Ramsay's History. 



119 

hundred and ninety-six to the south of Europe, forty thousand and 
thirty-three to the West-Indies, and one hundred and seventeen to 
Africa, the value of this, as estimated in the custom-house books, was 
£340,692 15 sterling, or about #1,530,000. 

The quantity exported from the United States, from 1791 to 1816, 
and its value since 1803, was as follows, viz. — 

Tierces. Value. 

Dolls 



1791 


- 


- 


96,980 • 




1792 


- 


- 


141,762 




1793 


- 


- 


134,611 




1794 


- 


- 


116,486 




1795 


- 


- 


138,526 




1796 


- 


- 


131,039 




1797 


- 


- 


60,111 




1798 


- 


- 


125,243 




1799 


- 


- 


110,599 




1800 


- 


- 


112,056 




1801 


- 


- 


94,866 




1802 


- 


- 


79,822 




1803 


- 


- 


81,838 - 


2,455,000 


1804 


- 


- 


78,385 


2,350,000 


1805 


- 


- 


56,830 


1,705,000 


1806 


- 


- 


102,627 


2,617,000 


1807 


- 


- 


94,692 


2,367,000 


1808 


• 


- 


9,228 


221,000 


1809 




- 


116,907 


2,104,000 


1810 


- 


- 


131,341 


2,626,000 


1811 


- 


- 


119,356 


2,387,000 


1812 


- 


- 


77,190 


1,544,000 


1813 


- 


- 


120,343 


3,021,000 


1314 


- 


- 


11,476 


230,000 


1815 


- 


- 


129,248 


2,785,000 


1816 


- 


- 


137,843 


3,555,000 



120 
INDIAN CORN AND MEAL, RYE, &c. 

Indian corn, or maize, was found among the natives on the first 
discovery of this country, and from them, has received its usual 
name ; and has always been considered indigenous in America. It 
was cultivated by the Indians, for food, both in North and South-Ame- 
rica. It seems adapted to the climate of all the states, except 
in the extreme parts of the north, where the summers are sometimes 
too short and cold, to bring it to maturity ; and where it is also liable 
to be injured by early frosts. It is exported in large quantities, in a 
raw state, or when manufactured into meal. 

When manufactured, it is, principally, shipped to the West-Indies, 
though in times of scarcity, it has, occasionally, gone to Europe. lot 
1 770, five hundred seventy-eight thousand three hundred and forty- 
nine bushels were exported from the North-American Colonies ; of 
this, one hundred fifty went to Ireland, one hundred seventy-five 
thousand two hundred and twenty-one to the south of Europe, four 
hundred two thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight to the West-In- 
dies, twenty to Africa ; and in the custom-house books, it was valued 
at £43,376 4 2 sterling, or about $ 194,000. 

Of late years, before the corn is manufactured into meal, it is dri- 
ed by a fire, in a kiln prepared for that purpose. By this process, 
the meal is much less liable to become sour on the voyage, and can 
be preserved much longer in a warm climate. 

The following is the quantity of Indian corn and meal exported; 
annually, from 1791 to 1816 — viz. 

Com Meal. 

Bushels. Bushels. 

J791 1,713,241 351,695 

1792 1,964,973 263,405 

1793 1,233,768 189,715 

1794 1,505,977 241,570 

1795 1,935,345 512,445 

1796 1,173,552 540,286 

1797 804,922 254,799 



121 





Corn. 


Meal. 


V alut. 




Bushels. 


Bushels. 


Doll* 


1798 


1,218,231 


211,694 




1799 


1,200,492 


231,226 




1800 


1,694,327 


338,108 




1801 


1,768,162 


919,355 




1802 


1,633,283 


266,816 




1803 


2,079,608 


133,606 


2,025,000 


1804 


1,944,873 


111,327 


2,500,000 


1805 


861,501 


116,131 


1,442,000 


1806 


1,064,263 


108,342 


1,286,000 


1807 


1,013,721 


136,460 


987,000 


1808 


249,533 


30,818 


298,000 


1809 


522,047 


57,260 


547,000 


1310 


1,054,252 


86,744 


1,133,000 


1811 


2,790,850 


147,426 


2,896,000 


1812 


2,039,999 


90,810 


1,939,000 


1813 


1,486,970 


58,521 


1,838,000 


1814 


61,284 


26,438 


170,000 


1815 


830,516 


72,364 


1,140,000 


1816 


1,077,614 


89,119 


1,646,000 



The West-Indies, Spain, and Portugal, are the principal markets 
for Indian corn and meal. 

The other articles of vegetable food, exported from the United 
States, are rye, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. These, however, 
constitute but a small part of the value of their exports. Most of the 
rye in the United States is used for bread, or is made into spirits, at 
home. The distillation of grain has, within a few years, increased 
very rapidly in this country. In 1801, the quanty of spirits, distil- 
led from grain and fruit, was estimated at ten millions of gallons. 
By the returns of the marshals, giving an account of the manufactures 
of the several states, in 1810, it appears that the quantity distilled 
during that year, from grain and fruit, exceeded twenty millions of 
gallons. Much the greatest part of this, probably more than three 
quarters, was from grain. It is calculated, that a bushel ot rye, oi 
corn, will produce from two and a half to three gallons of spirits. In 

16 



122 

1810, therefore, between five and six millions of bushels of rye and 
corn must have been made into spirits. In Pennsylvania alone, in 
that year, there were three thousand three hundred and thirty-four 
distilleries, producing no less than six millions five hundred fifty-two 
thousand two hundred and eighty-four gallons of spirits, principally 
from grain. The whole, or nearly the whole, of this is consumed in 
the United States. When we add to this the quantity distilled in 
this country from molasses, and that which is imported and consumed 
here, we find the annual consumption of spirits in the United States 
amounting to thirty-one millions seven hundred twenty-five thousand 
four hundred and seventeen gallons, as the following calculation will 
shew : — 

Spirits distilled in the United States in 1810, Galls, 
from foreign and domestic materials, as by the 
returns of the marshals, (about five millions from 
molasses) - - 25,499,382 

Exported during that year, spirits 
from foreign materials - - 474,990 

do. do. from domestic materials 133,853 

608,843 



Leaving to be consumed - - 24,890,539 

The average quantity of spirits imported and 
consumed from 1801 to 1812 inclusive 6,834,878 



Making - - - 31,725,417 

about four and a half gallons for every person. Very little rye is- ex- 
ported from this country. In 1801, the year of scarcity in Great-Bri- 
tain, three hundred ninety-two thousand two hundred and seventy-six 
bushels of rye meal were exported, which was more than three times 
the quantity exported in any one year since 1791 ; and the average 
number of bushels of rye exported, annually from 1791 to 1811, has 
not exceeded six or eight thousand. Much greater quantities were 
exported in the years 1812 and 1813 ; in the former of which, eighty- 
two thousand seven hundred and five, and in the latter, one hundred 
forty thousand one hundred and thirty-six bushels were exported. 
Vast quantities of rye are produced in Europe, and particularly in 



123 

the northern parts. The bread of the common people, in the northern 
Kingdoms of Europe, is made of rye meal, and great quantities are 
also exported from the Baltic. In France, one of the best wheat 
countries, rye is also common. It is said, that more of it is gathered 
there than of wheat, and that half of the people in France use rye 
bread.* 

The average quantity of oats exported, for twenty years, has been 
about seventy thousand bushels annually ; of peas, about ninety 
thousand, and of beans, between thirty and forty thousand. Potatoes, 
which constitute such a valuable part of our agricultural productions, 
especially in our domestic economy, are also exported, but the ave- 
rage quantity will not exceed about sixty thousand bushels a year. 

The following is the aggregate value of all the exports, the produce 
of agriculture, constituting vegetable food, from 1802, to 1816 : — 

Dollars. 

1802 - - - - 12,790,000 

1803 - - - - - 14,080,000 

1804 - - - - 12,250,000 

1805 - - - - - 11,752,000 

1806 =.,-'-■- 11,850,000 

1807 ----- 14,432,000 

1808 - - - - 2,550,000 

1809 ----- 8,751,000 

1810 - - - - 10,750,000 

1811 ----- 20,391,000 

1812 - - - - 17,797,000 

1813 - - - - - 19,041,000 

1814 - 2,179,000 

1815 - - - - - 11,234,000 

1816 - 13,150,000 

* See Peuchet's Statistics of France, digested and abridged by James N. 
Taylor, Esq. printed in 1815. 



124 

PRODUCE OF ANIMALS. 

Beef, pork, tallow, hams, butter and cheese, lard, live cattle and 
horses, have long been articles of export, of no inconsiderable value. 
They have generally been shipped to the West-Indies. 

The colonial custom-house books shew that in the year 1770, there 
was shipped to the South of Europe, two hundred and forty-four bar- 
rels, and to the West- Indies two thousand eight hundred and seventy 
tons of beef and pork, making about twenty-eight thousand nine 
hundred and forty-four barrels, and which was then valued at 
£66,035 1 10 sterling, or about g277,000. Beef and pork, with 
live cattle, have been among the most considerable articles of domes- 
tic export from some of the Northern states, where the lands are bet- 
ter for grazing than for grain. 

The following quantities of beef and pork have been exported an- 
nually from 1791 to 1816, viz. — 

Beef. Pork. 

Bbls. Bbls. 

1791 - - 62,771 - - 27,781 

1792 - - 74,638 - - 38,098 

1793 - - 75,106 - - 38,563 

1794 - - 100,866 - - 49,442 

1795 - - 96,149 - - 88,193 

1796 - - 92,521 - - 73,881 

1797 - - 51,812 - - 40,125 
17' 8 - - 89,000 - - 33,115 

1799 - - "91,321 - - 52,268 

1800 - - 75,045 - - 55,467 

1801 - ■ - 75,331 - - 70,779 

1802 - - 61,520 - 78,239 

1803 - - 77,934 - - 96,602 

1804 - - 134,896 - - 111,532 

1805 - - 115,532 57.925 

1806 - - 117,419 - - 36,277 

1807 - - 84,209 - 39,347 



125 

Beef. Pork. 

Bbls. Bbls. 

1808 - - 20,101 - 15,478 

1809 - - 28,555 - - 42,652 

1810 - - 47,699 - - 37,209 

1811 - - 76,743 - - 37,270 

1812 - - 42,757 - - 22,746 

1813 - - 43,741 - - 17,337 

1814 - - 20,297 - - 4,040 

1815 - - 13,130 - - 9,073 

1816 - - 33,239 - - 19,280 

In the year 1770, one hundred sixty- seven thousand six hundred 
and thirteen pounds of butter, fifty-five thousand nine hundred and 
ninety-seven pounds of cheese, and one hundred eighty-five thousand 
one hundred and forty-three pounds of tallow and lard were exported. 
Great quantities of these articles have been exported since 1789, ave- 
raging between one and two millions of pounds annually, and in some 
years exceeding two millions. In 1804, two millions eight hundred 
and thirty thousand and sixteen pounds of butter, and two millions 
five hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds 
of lard, were shipped from the United States. Tables No. IV. and 
V. shew the countries and places to which our beef and pork have 
been carried, from 1800 to 1816. Beef and pork, butter and lard, 
as well as live stock, have generally found a market in the West-In- 
dia Islands. During the late war in Europe, the British West-Indies, 
for certain periods, have been open for our beef and pork, and large 
quantities have been shipped directly to British West-India ports. 
In 1804, no less than forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty-six 
barrels of beef, and forty-seven thousand nine hundred and twenty- 
six barrels of pork went to those ports. In the year 1811, ten thou- 
sand four hundred and thirty-two barrels of beef were shipped to 
Spain, and fourteen thousand three hundred and eighty-one to Por- 
tugal. 



126 



The value of the exports, the produce of animals, since 1803, a* 
ascertained at the Treasury department, has been as follows, viz. — 





Beef, tallow, 


Butter and 


Pork, bacon, 


Horses and 


Sheep. 




hides and 


cheese. 


lard, and 


mules. 






live cattle. 




live hogs. 








Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls, 


1803 


1,145,000 


585,000 


1,890,000 


460,000 


55,000 


1804 


1,520,000 


490,000 


1,990,000 


270,000 


30,000 


1805 


1,545,000 


415,000 


1,960,000 


220,000 


1,500 


1806 


1,360,000 


481,000 


1,096,000 


321,000 


16,000 


1807 


1,108,000 


490,000 


1,157,000 


317,000 


14,000 


1808 


265,000 


196,000 


398,000 


105,000 


4,000 


1809 


425,000 


264,000 


1,001,000 


113,000 


8,000 


1810 


747,000 


318,000 


907,000 


185,000 


12,000 


1811 


1,195,000 


395,000 


1,002,000 


254,000 


20,000 


1812 


524,000 


329,000 


604,000 


191,000 


9,000 


1813 


539,000 


95,000 


457,000 


8,000 


2,000 


1814 


241,000 


59,000 


176,000 


1,000 


5,000 


1815 


407,000 


242,000 


498,000 


155,000 


30,000 


1816 


738,000 


223,000 


719,000 


364,000 


49,000 



The following is the aggregate value of these articles J 



1803 
1804 
1905 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 



Dolls. 
4,135,000 
4,300,000 
4,141,500 
3,274,000 
3,086,000 

968,000 
1,811,000 
2,169,000 
2,866,000 
1,657,000 
1,101,000 

482,000 
1,332,000 
2,093,000 



127 

The national Legislature have heretofore encouraged the exporta- 
tion of salted beef and pork, by allowing a bounty on each barrel 
exported, by way of draw-back of the duty on imported salt. This 
bounty was supposed to be equal to the amount of the duty on the 
salt used in a barrel of beef or pork. It was discontinued on the re- 
peal of the duty in 1807. It was not again allowed by Congress on 
salted beef and pork on the renewal of the duty on imported salt, in 
July, 1813, although allowed on pickled fish. The policy of the mea- 
sure, however, is too obvious to admit a doubt, that, on the return of 
regular commerce, this bounty on salted provisions exported will be 
again allowed, as well as on the exportation of pickled fish. It is 
obvious, that unless it is allowed, the merchant or exporter of this 
country cannot be on an equal footing with others in a foreign mar* 
ket. The amount of the duty on imported salt will be charged in 
?he price of the provisions, either at home or abroad. If other na- 
tions allow a drawback, on the exportation of salted provisions equal 
to the amount of the duty on salt, and the United States do not make 
the same allowance, they can undersell us in a foreign market. 

In that case, our salted provisions must either remain at home, or 
the price of the provisions themselves must lessen in proportion to 
the amount of the duty on salt. This loss will fall on the farmer. 

TOBACCO. 

Tobacco has been the great staple of Virginia and Maryland, from 
:heir first settlement. This plant is a native of America, and was 
found here on the first discovery of the country. It was introduced 
into England, by Sir Walter Raleigh, about the year 1584. It soon 
got into general use, and became the subject of regulation, by royal 
proclamations and by acts of Parliament. King James I. was violent- 
ly opposed to its introduction, and issued proclamations against the 
use of it, and against planting it in England. About the year 1624, 
it became a royal monopoly, and afterwards, in order to encourage 
:ts growth in the Colonies, and thereby derive a revenue to the crown, 
an act of Parliament prohibited the planting of it in Great-Britain. 

The average quantity imported from the North-American Colonies 
into England, for ten years preceding the year 1709, was twenty- 



128 

eight millions eight hundred fifty-eight thousand six hundred and six- 
ty-six pounds.* 

From 1761 to 1775, the quantity imported annually into England 
jnd Scotland, and the amount exported during the same period, waf- 
as follows : — 





ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 




Imported. 


Exported. 


Imported. 


Exported. 




Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


1761 


47,065,787 


36,788,944 


24,048,380 


23,525,326 


1762 


44,102,491 


36,445,951 


27,339,433 


26,694,999 


1763 


65,173,752 


40,940,312 


31,613,170 


30,613,738 


1764 


54,433,318 


54,058,336 


26,310,219 


25,902,170 


1765 


48,306,593 


39,121,423 


33,889,565 


33,379,201 


1766 


43,307,453 


32,986,790 


32,175,223 


31,723,205 


1767 


39,140,639 


36,400,398 


29,385,343 


28,871,522 


1768 


35,545,708 


30,864,536 


33,261,427 


32,488,543 


1769 


33,784,208 


23,793,272 


35,920,685 


34,714,630 


1770 


39,187,037 


33,238,437 


39,226,354 


38,498,522 


1771 


58,079,183 


41,439,386 


49,312,146 


48,488,681 


1772 


51,493,522 


49,784,009 


43,748,415 


42,806,548 


1773 


55,928,957 


50,349,967 


44,485,194 


43,595,102 


1774 


56,048,393 


44,829,835 


40,157,589 


39,533,552 


1775 


55,965,463 


43,880,864 


55,927,542 


- 



In 1770, eighty-four thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven hogs- 
heads of tobacco were exported from the North-American Provinces, 
which were valued in the custom-house books at £906,637 18 1 ster- 
ling, or about $4,050,000. This article constituted about one third 
in value of all the exports in that year, and exceeded the value of 
wheat and flour exported during the same year, more than one mil- 
lion of dollars. 



* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, 



129 



The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States, from 1791 to 1816, in its raw, and manufactured state, 
and its value since 1802. 







Manufactured. 


Snuff. 


Value. 




No. of hhds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Dolls. 


1791 - 


101,272 


81,122 - 


15,689 




1792 - 


112,428 


- 117,874 - 


10,042 




1793 - 


59,947 


- 137,784 - 


35,559 




1794 - 


76,826 


23,650 - 


37,415 




1795 - 


61,050 


20,263 - 


129,436 




1796 - 


69,018 


29,181 - 


267,046 




1797 - 


58,167 


12,801 - 


73,257 




1798 - 


68,567 


- 142,269 - 


114,151 




1799 - 


96,070 


- 416,076 - 


109,682 




1800 - 


78,680 


- 457,713 - 


41,453 




1801 - 


103,758 


- 472,282 - 


52,297 




1802 - 


77,721 


- 233,591 - 


43,161 


- 6,220,000 


1803 - 


86,291 


- 152,415 - 


17,928 


- 6,209,000 


1804 - 


83,343 


- 278,071 


20,678 


- 6,000,000 


1805 - 


71,252 


- 532,311 - 


33,127 


- 6,341,000 


1806 - 


83,186 


- 385,727 - 


42,212 


- 6,572,000 


1807 - 


62,186 


- 236,004 - 


59,768 


- 5,476,000 


1808 - 


9,576 


26,656 - 


25,845 


833,000 


1809 - 


53,921 


- 314,880 - 


35,955 


- 3,774,000 


1810 - 


84,134 


- 495,427 - 


46,640 


- 5,048,000 


1811 - 


35,828 


- 732,713 - 


19,904 


- 2,150,000 


1812 - 


26,094 


- 583,258 - 


3,360 


- 1,514,000 


1813 - 


5,314 


- 283,512 - 


- 


319,000 


1814 - 


3,125 


79.377 - 


- 


232,000 


1815 - 


85,337 


- 1,019,390 - 


14,655 


- 8,235,000 


1816 - 


69,241 


- 604,947 - 


53,078 


- 12,809,000 



The above value only includes that exported in its raw state. 

Tobacco has been one of the greatest articles of export from North- 
America from its first settlement. Previous to the American revolu- 
tion, it constituted in value, between a quarter and one third of all 

17 



130 

the exports of the American Colonies, now the United States. The 
quantity exported since 1791 has not exceeded, if it has equal- 
Jed, the quantity exported from 1761 to 1775 ; although, with other 
articles, it has increased in price. From 1802 to 1807, the average 
annual value was about six millions of dollars, and from 1808 to 1813, 
in consequence of commercial restrictions, and the war between the 
United States and Great-Britain, the average annual value has not ex- 
ceeded $2,300,000.* In 1815 and 1816, the average value was 
more than ten millions of dollars, occasioned, in part, by the accumu- 
lation of the quantity, during the war, but principally, by the great 
increase in price in 1816, being $185 per hhd. 

The principal markets for tobacco are Great-Britain, France, Hol- 
land, and the North of Europe. (See Table No. VI.) A great part 
of that shipped to Great-Britain is sent to the Continent of Europe. 

In 1815, thirty-four thousand one hundred forty-nine hhds. and in 
1816, thirty-one thousand seven hundred and fifty-six, went to 
Great-Britain. 

COTTON. 

Cotton is a native of the tropical regions, in every quarter of the 
world. It is mentioned by Herodotus as growing in India, at the 
time he wrote his history. It was found among the Mexicans and 
Peruvians, on the first discovery of America ; and among the latter, 

* The average price of tobacco, at the places of exportation, since 1806. 
has been as follows, viz. — 

Per hhd. 
Dolls. 

1806 79 

1807 88 

1808 87 

1809 70 

1810 60 

1811 60 

1812 70 

1813 67 

1814 74 

1815 96 

1816 185 



131 

the manufacture of it was carried to no inconsiderable extent. Pre- 
vious to the American revolution, it was cultivated in the southern 
states for domestic use. 

Soon after the peace of 1783, small quantities were exported from 
Georgia.* It was not, however, cultivated to much extent, for ex- 
portation, in the United States, until about the year 1791 or 1792. 
Since that period, it has become the great staple of the states of South- 
Carolina and Georgia, and next to grain, the most valuable of all the 
exports of the United States. 

American cotton has been generally known by the names of sea- 
island and upland cotton. The former grows along the sea coast, 
has a black seed, is of a long staple, and is easily cleaned or separat- 
ed from the seed ; the latter grows on the upland, at a distance from 
the coast, has a green seed, is of a short staple, and, until the inven- 
tion of a machine for the purpose, was so difficult to be cleaned, or 
separated from the seed, as to be scarcely worth the trouble and ex- 
pense of cultivation. This machine was invented by Mr. Eli Whit- 
ney, a native of Massachusetts, who was accidentally in Georgia, in 
the year 1793 ; a gentleman of education, and distinguished for his 
mechanical genius. This machine has enriched the southern planter 
by enabling him to cultivate, to the greatest advantage, one of the 
most valuable staples in the world. 

Before its invention, very little upland cotton was cultivated, and 
scarcely a single pound was exported from the United States ; after- 
terwards, the culture of this species of cotton became the principal 
object of the planter in South-Carolina and Georgia ; and in the year 
1807, more than fifty-five millions of pounds of upland cotton was ex- 
ported, and which was valued at more than eleven and a half millions 
of dollars. It has rarely occurred, that the invention of a single ma- 
chine has, at once, changed the employment of so many thousand 
people, and has added so much to the wealth and resources of a nation. 
In the year 1792, the value of the exports of the United States, was 
only $20,753,098, (upland cotton, the growth of the United States, 
constituted very little, if any part of these exports,) and in the short 

* Ramsay's History of South-Carolina. 



132 

period of fifteen years, a new article of export is produced, amount- 
ing in value to more than one half of that sum.* 

The rapid increase of the culture of cotton in the United States 
will appear from the following account of the quantity exported from 
1791 to 1816, and the value of that of domestic growth since 1802 :— 

Cotton of all kinds exported Value of Cotton of 





from 1791 to 1804. 


domestic growth 




Pounds. 


Dolls. 


1791 


189,316 




1792 


138,328 




1793 


487,600 




1794 


1,601,760 




1795 


6,276,300 




1796 


6,106,729 




1797 


3,788,429 




1798 


9,360,005 




1799 


9,532,263 




1800 


17,789,803 




1801 


20,911,201 




1802 


27,501,075 


5,250,000 


1803 


41,105,623 


7,920,000 


1804 


38,118,041 


7,650,000 



* Mr. Whitney obtained a patent for this invention, at an early period, 
under the laws of the United States ; and has been liberally rewarded for 
the right of using it, by all the cotton planting slates, except the state of 
Georgia. Soutli -Carolina gave him and Mr. Miller, who was concerned 
with him, the sum of §50,000, for the right of using- the machine in that 
state. In the state of Georgia, his right to the invention was disputed, 
and his machine was used, with the exception of a few individuals, without 
making him any compensation. He was compelled therefore, in that state, 
to have recourse to the judicial tribunals for redress. Owing, however, to 
a defect in the first patent law, and to the powerful interest opposed to 
him, he was unable to obtain a decision in his favor, until thirteen years of 
his patent had expired. This decision was had, before the Circuit Court of 
the United States, in which Judge Johnson, of South-Carolina, presided. In 
his charge to the jury, on the trial of the case, the Judge did ample justice 
tMr. Whitney, as the original inventor, as well as to the im portance and 
utility of the invention itself. 



133 

Cotton of domestic growth exported from 1805 to 1816 :— 





Sea-island. 


Upland. 


Value. 




Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Dolls. 


1805 


8,787,659 


29,602,428 


9,445,000 


1806 


6,096,082 


29,561,383 


8,332,000 


1807 


8,926,011 


55,018,448 


14,232,000 


1808 


949,051 


9,681,394 


2,221,000 


1809 


8,654,213 


42,326,042 


8,515,00a 


1810 


8,604,078 


84,657,384 


15,108,000 


1811 


8,029,576 


54,028,660 


9,652,000 


1812 


4,367,806 


24,519,571 


3,080,000 


1813 


4,134,849 


14,975,167 


2,324,000 


1814 


2,520,338 


15,208,669 


2,683,000 


1815 


8,449,951 


74,548,796 


17,529,000 


1816 


9,900,326 


72,046,790 


24,106,000* 



Tables No. VII. and VIII. shew the countries to which cotton has 
been exported, from 1800 to 1816. Great-Britain has been the prin- 
cipal market for this article. In 1807, before the commencement of 
eur commercial restrictions, more than fifty-three millions of pounds 
were shipped directly to that country, leaving about thirteen millions 
for all other parts of the world. 



* The price 


of cotton, 


at the places of 


exportation, according- to which 


the value has been ascertained at the Treasury, 


since 


1806, has been as fol- 


lows, viz.— 


























Sea-island. 








Upland 










lb. 










lb. 




1806 


- 


- 


30 cents. 


- 


- 


- 


22 cents. 


1807 


- 




30 


do. 




- 


. 


21 


do. 


1808 


- 


- 


30 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


20 


do. 


1809 


- 




25 


do. 




- 


- 


15 


do. 


1810 


- 


- 


28 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


15 


do. 


1811 


- 


- 


26 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


14 


do. 


1812 


- 


- 


20 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


9 


do. 


1813 


- 


- 


20 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


10 


dc. 


1814 


- 


- 


28 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


13 


do 


1815 


- 


- 


31 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


20 


do. 


1816 


- 


- 


47 


do. 


- 


- 


- 


27 


do. 



134 

During the continuance of those restrictions, the greatest part 
reached Great-Britain, by the way of the Floridas, the Azores, Ma- 
deira, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. 

The value of cotton shipped to Great-Britain, in 1807, according 
to the American custom-house books, was $11,953,378. According 
to the English custom-house books, and a valuation made by the in- 
spector-general of imports and exports, the real value of cotton, im- 
ported from the United States to Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- 
land,) in the year ending the 10th of October, 1807, was £3,036,392 
sterling, or $13,481,580. If we add to this, the quantity imported 
into Scotland, the value cannot be less than about fifteen millions of 
dollars. The increase in the culture and manufacture of cotton, of 
late years, has been astonishingly great, and to trace its rapid pro- 
gress is not a matter of idle or useless curiosity. From 1768 to 1779, 
the average quantity of cotton annually imported into England, from 
all parts of the world, did not exceed about five millions of pounds. 
From 1784 to 1787, the quantity imported into Great-Britain was as 
follows, viz. — ' 

Pounds. 

1784 .... 11,280,338 

1785 .... 17,992,888 

1786 * - - - - 19,151,867 

1787 - - - - 22,600,000 

The cotton imported in 1787, is supposed to have come from the 
following places : — 

Pounds. 
British West-Indies, - - 6,600,000 

French and Spanish Colonies, - - 6,000,000 

Dutch, do. - - 1,700,000 

Portuguese, .... 2,500,000 

East-Indies, procured from Ostend, - - 100,000 

Smyrna and Turkey, - - 5,700,000 



22,600,000 



135 

Pounds. 
In 1800, the quantity imported into England, 

was . . - 42,806,507 

Into Scotland - 13,204,225 



Making 56,010,732* 

In the year 1807, the following quantity was imported into the 
ports of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, from different parts of the 
world :| — 



From the United States, - - - 171,267 

The British West-Indies, - . - - 28,969 

The Colonies conquered from the Dutch, 43,651 

Portugal, - - - 18,981 

East-Indies, - - - 11,409 

All other parts - 8,390 



282,667 



The number of bales imported into Great-Britain, and the coun- 
tries from where imported in 1810 and 1811, were as follows, viz. — 







1810. 


1811. 


From America, 


- 


240,516 


128,482 


Portugal and Colonies, 


- 


142,946 


118,514 


Spain and do. 


- 


14,589 


7,881 


East-Indies, 


- 


79,382 


14,646 


Demarara, Berbice, Surinam, 






and Cayenne, 


- 


40,291 


34,838 


West-India Islands, 


- 


33,571 


19,295 


Mediterranean, 


- 


3,592 


974 


Ireland, 


- 


6,082 


1,300 


Heligoland, 


- 


182 


274 



* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 

f Alexander Baring's inquiry relative to the British orders in coun- 
cil, &c— 1808. 



i30 



1810. 1811 

Africa, - - 22-37 

Baltic, - 40 



326,281 



In the year 1810, the number of bales from the United States was 
two hundred forty thousand five hundred and sixteen. As these 
bales would average three hundred pounds each, they contained sev- 
enty-two millions one hundred fifty-four thousand and eight hundred 
pounds of cotton. The bales from Portugal are said not to average 
more than one hundred and ten pounds, making about fifteen millions 
seven hundred and twenty-four thousand. During this year, therefore, 
from one half to two thirds of all the cotton, imported into Great- 
Britain, was from the United States, notwithstanding seventy-nine 
thousand three hundred and eighty-two bales were, during that yean 
imported from the East-Indies. The foregoing was taken from Bri- 
tish accounts. 

The following is the quantity of cotton exported from the United 
States to Great-Britain, as appears by the American custom-house 
books, from 1800 to 1816 :— * 

Number of pounds. 

1800 - 16,179,513 

1801 18,953,065 

1802 23,473,925 

1803 27,757,307 

1804 25,770,748 

1805 - - - - - 32,571,073 

1806 24,256,457 

1307 53,180,211 

1808 7,y9£',593 

1809 - - - - - 13,365,987 

1810 36,171,915 

* See Tables No. VII. and Vffl. 



137 

Number of pounds. 

1811 46,872,452 

1812 ..... 26,087,179 

1813 

1814 

1815 45,669,092 

1816 ..... 57,793,213 

As the direct intercourse between the United States and Great- 
Britain was open but a part of the year 1810, only about thirty-six 
millions of pounds was shipped directly to that country. During that 
year, however, more than five millions was shipped to Sweden ; more 
than fourteen millions to Denmark and Norway ; about nine millions 
to Spain, Portugal, and Madeira ; four millions to the Azores, and 
ten millions to the Floridas ; the greatest part of which undoubtedly 
went to Great-Britain. 

Europe is, and always must be dependent upon other quarters of the 
world, for a supply of cotton. Her climate is, for the most part, 
too cold for the production of this valuable plant. Some small 
quantities have been raised in the southern parts of Spain and Italy. 
The French government, under Bonaparte, attempted to introduce 
the culture of it in France. Tn 1807, a distinguished agriculturalist, 
Monsieur Lasteyrie, was employed by the French government to give 
instructions, relative to the culture of the cotton plant. He publish- 
ed a treatise on the subject, entitled " Du Cotonnier, et de sa cul- 
ture," in which he gives an account of the various kinds of cotton, 
in different parts of the world, and the modes of cultivating it. The 
Minister of the Interior also, at the same time, sent a circular letter 
to the Prefects of all the Departments, requesting their particular at- 
tention, to the cultivation of cotton, and informing them that he had 
sent for cotton seed, to Spain, Italy, and North-America, to be dis- 
tributed to the different Departments, and offering a premium of one 
franc* for every killogramme (two pounds English) of cotton raised 
and cleaned ready for spinning. It is understood that the experi- 

* A franc is about twenty cents, making- a premium of about ten cents for a 
pound of cotton. 

18 



138 

merit, if ever made, did not succeed. France has received a great 
part of her cotton fabrics, particularly those of the finer kind, from 
Great-Britain. Monsieur Lasteyrie himself states that the value of 
cotton goods imported into France from England, in 1806, amounted 
to 65.000,000 francs, or about % 13,000,000. 

He also states the quantity of cotton imported into France, from 
the year 5 of the republic, (1796) to 1806, to be as follows, viz.— 



Year 5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
Three months and ten days of the 
year 14, and the whole of 1806, 
making 15 months and 10 days 

Total of ten years 
Annual average 



9,000,000 


killogrammes 


5,145,000 


- do. 


3,363,000 


- do. 


5,504,000 


- do. 


7,560,000 


- do. 


7,890,000 


- do. 


8,600,000 


- do. 


9,205,000 


- do. 


10,857,000 


- do. 




Four millions 


■11, 850,000 < 


of which came 




from Portugal. 


78,974,000 


killogrammes. 


7,897,400 


- do. 



The annual average of cotton, therefore, imported into France, 
from 1796 to 1806, was only fifteen millions seven hundred ninety- 
four thousand and eight hundred pounds. The whole quantity im- 
ported into France, during this period, did not exceed the quantity ex- 
ported from the United States, in the years 1810 and 1811. 

The following is the quantity exported from the United States to 
France, from 1800 to 1816. 



1800 
1801 

1802 



Pounds. 

844,728 
1,907,849 



139 

Pounds. 

1803 .... 3,821,840 

1804 - - - - 5,946,848 

1805 - - - - 4,504,329 

1806 .--- 7,082,118 

1807 .:-.'.- 6,114,358 

1808 - - - 2,087,450 

1809 .... none direct. 

1810 - do. 

1811 - - - - do. 

1812 . - - 913,433 

1813 - 10,200,348 

1814 - 1,661,085 

1815 .... 19,978,143 . 

1816 .... 18,024,567 

During the continuance of our commercial restrictions, and the 
late war between the United States and Great-Britain, the manufac- 
ture of cotton increased very rapidly in this country. Additions 
were made to old manufacturing establishments, and many new ones 
were formed, with large capitals, in every part of the union. 

On the return of peace, these establishments were depressed, in 
consequence of the vast influx and low price of cotton goods from 
Great-Britain. The manufacturers, therefore, petitioned Congress 
for aid and protection, by the imposition of additional duties on im- 
ported cotton fabrics; and in the new tariff of duties established in 
April, 1816, additional duties were imposed on imported cottons, with 
a view to afford encouragement and protection to the American man- 
ufacturer. 

Whether these additional duties will afford the manufacturers suffi- 
cient aid, to enable them to continue their establishments on the re- 
turn of regular commerce, time must determine. The great quantity 
and low price of imported cottons, since the peace, has hitherto kept 
them in a state of depression. By statements submitted to Congress, 
by the manufacturers, the following estimate was made, of the amount 
of capital and number of hands employed, in the various establish- 



140 

menls in the United States, together with the quantity of cotton manu- 
factured, and number of yards of cloth made in the year 1815, viz. — 

Capital, estimated at $40,000,000 

Males employed from the age of 17 and upwards - 10,000 

Women and female servants - 66,000 

Boys under 17 years of age ... - 24,000 
Cotton-wool manufactured, 90,000 bales, amounting 

to lbs. 27,000,000 

Number of yards of cotton goods of various kinds 81,000,000 

Cost, averaging 30 cents per yard, - - $24,300,000 

An estimate of the increase of the manufacturing establishments, at 
different periods, from 1800 to 1815, was as follows : — 

Bales of cotton manufactured 
in manufacturing establishments. 
In 1800 estimated at ... - 500 

1805 „ ..... 1,000 

1810 „ 10,000 

1815 „ ... . 90,000 

The above estimates were supposed, by some, to be exaggerated. 
The extent of the United States, and other circumstances, must ren- 
der it difficult to obtain precise information on such a subject ; and 
estimates of this kind must, in some degree, be conjectural. It was 
believed, however, by those well acquainted with the subject, that the 
estimates above stated were not far from the truth. The extent and 
magnitude of the establishments far exceeded the expectations of those 
who had not made them an object of enquiry ; and none can doubt 
that they merit the aid and patronage of the state and national legisla- 
tures. 

FLAX-SEED, INDIGO, &c. kc. 

The other articles of export, the produce of agriculture, are flax- 
seed, indigo, wax, flax, poultry, kc. The principal of these are flax- 
seed and indigo. In the year 1770, three hundred twelve thousand 
six hundred and twelve bushels of flax-seed were exported from the 



141 



North-American Colonies, of which six thousand seven hundred and 
eighty went to England, three hundred five thousand and eighty- 
three to Ireland, and seven hundred forty-nine to the South of Europe. 
The custom-house value of it was then £31,168 18 1 sterling, or 
about §139,000. 

The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States from 1791 to 1816, with its value since 1803, viz. — 



1791 

1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
17l^8 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 



Bushels, 
292,460 
261,905 
258,540 
270,340 
411,264 
256,200 
*222,269 
224,473 
350,857 
289,684 
461,266 
155,358 
311,459 
281,757 
179,788 
352,280 
301,242 
102,930 
184,311 
240,579 
304,114 
325,022 
189,538 
14,800 
267,101 
636,467 



Value. 
Dolls. 



465,000 
420,000 
360,000 
529,000 
452,000 
131,000 
230,000 
301,000 
380,000 
455^000 
265,000 
31,000 
326,000 
1,032,000 



Flax-seed has been generally shipped to Ireland. 



142 
INDIGO. 

Indigo was one of the principal articles of produce and export from 
South-Carolina and Georgia, before the planting of cotton in those 
states became an object of so much importance. 

The culture of it was introduced into South-Carolina about the year 
1741 or 1742, and that state is indebted to a lady for the introduc- 
tion of this valuable plant. An account of the manner of its introduc- 
tion is given by Doct. Ramsay in his history of South-Carolina, and 
serves to shew, among other instances, how much a nation is often- 
times indebted, for its wealth, to the exertions and perseverance of a 
single individual. 

" The second great staple of Carolina (says the Doctor) was Indi* 
go. Its original native country was Hindostan ; but it had been na- 
turalized in the West-India Islands, from which it was introduced into 
Carolina by Miss Eliza Lucas, the mother of Major-General Charles 
Cotes worth Pinckney. 

" Her father, George Lucas, Governour of Antigua, observing her 
fondness for the vegetable world, frequently sent to her tropical seeds 
and fruits, to be planted for her amusement on his plantation at Wap- 
poo. Among others he sent her some indigo seed as a subject of ex- 
periment. 

" She planted it in March, 1741 or 1742. It was destroyed by 
frost. She repeated the experiment in April ; this was cut down by 
a worm. Notwithstanding these discouragements she persevered, and 
her third attempt was successful. Governour Lucas, on hearing that 
the plant had seeded and ripened, sent from Montserrat a man, by the 
name of Cromwell, who had been accustomed to the making of indi- 
go, and engaged him at high wages to come to Carolina, and let his 
daughter see the whole process for extracting the dye from the weed. 
This professed indigo maker built vats on Wappoo creek, and there 
made the first indigo that was formed in Carolina. It was but in- 
different. 

" Cromwell repented of his engagement, as being likely to injure 
his own country ; made a mystery of the business, and, with the hope 
of deceiving, injured the process by throwing in too much lime. 
Miss Lucas watched him carefully, and als© engaged Mr. Deveaux to 



143 

Superintend his operations. Notwithstanding the duplicity of Croni« 
well, a knowledge of the process was obtained. Soon after Miss Lu- 
cas had completely succeeded in this useful project, she married 
Charles Pinckney ; and her father made a present of all the indigo 
on his plantation, the fruit of her industry, to her husband. The 
whole was saved for seed. Part was planted by the proprietor next 
year at Ashapoo, and the remainder given away to his friends in small 
quantities for the same purpose. They all succeeded. From that 
time the culture of indigo was common, and in a year or two it be- 
came an article of export." 

In the year 1748, (21 of George II.) a bounty of sixpence on the 
pound, on Plantation indigo, when it was worth three fourths of the 
price of the best French indigo, was granted by the British Parlia- 
ment. This increased its culture in South-Carolina, and in 1754, 
two hundred sixteen thousand nine hundred and twenty-four pounds 
of indigo were exported from that Province. From November 1760 
to September 1761, three hundred ninety-nine thousand three hun- 
dred and sixty-six pounds were exported ; and shortly before the 
American Revolution, the export amounted to one million one hundred 
and seven thousand six hundred and sixty pounds.* 

In the year 1794, one million five hundred fifty thousand eight hun- 
dred and eighty pounds were exported from the United States, being 
the greatest quantity exported in any one year. Probably a consi- 
derable part of this was foreign indigo. 

Since the planting of cotton has become general in South-Carolina 
and Georgia, the culture of indigo has been in a great measure neg- 
lected. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Manufactured articles constitute a part of the domestic exports of 
the United States. The manufactures exported are — 

1st. from domestic materials. 
2d. from foreign materials. 

* See Ramsay's History, and Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, 



144 

The value of both these kinds of manufactures, exported from 1803 
to 1816, was as follows, viz. — 





From domestic 


From foreign 


Total of 




materials. 


materials. 


both. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


790,000 - 


565,000 - 


1,355,000 


1804 


1,650,000 - 


450,000 - 


2,100,000 


1805 


1,579,000 - 


721,000 - 


2,300,000 


1806 


1,889,000 - 


818,000 - 


2,707,000 


1807 


- 1,652,000 - 


468,000 - 


2,120,000 


1808 


309,000 - 


35,000 - 


344,000 


1809 


- 1,266,000 - 


240,000 - 


1,506,000 


1810 


1,359,000 - 


558,000 


1,917,000 


1811 


2,062,000 - 


314,000 - 


2,376,000 


1812 


1,135,000 - 


220,000 - 


1,355,000 


1813 


372,000 - 


18,000 - 


390,000 


1814 


233,200 - 


13,100 - 


246,300 


1815 


1,321,000 - 


232,000 - 


1,553,000 


1816 


1,415,000 - 


340,000 - 


1,755,000 



The manufactures from domestic materials are soap, tallow candles, 
leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, hats, manufactures of grain (as spirits, 
beer, starch, &c.) of wood, (including furniture, coaches, &.c.) cordage, 
canvass, linseed oil, iron, and various other articles, such as snuff, silk 
shoes, wax candles, tobacco, lead, bricks, turpentine, spirits, wool 
and cotton cards, &c. 

The manufactures from foreign materials are spirits from molasses, 
refined sugar, chocolate, gun powder, brass and copper, and medicines. 

The value of each of these for the years 1806 and 1811 was as 
follows, viz. — 



DOMESTIC MATERIALS. 


1806. 


1811. 




Value— dls. 


Value— dl; 


Soap, and tallow candles, 


652,000 ■ 


• 371,000 


Leather, boots, shoes, and saddlery, 


- 276,000 ■ 


• 176,000 


Hats, - 


105,000 - 


55,000 



145 



Wood (including furniture, coaches, &c.) 

Cordage, canvass, linseed oil, 

Grain, (spirits, beer, starch, &c.) 

Iron, r 

Other articles, (snuff, silk shoes, &c.) 



FOBEIGN MA.TERILS. 

Spirits from molasses, 
Sugar refined, - 
Chocolate, - 
Gun-powder, 
Brass and copper, *' 
Medicines, - 



1806. 


1811. 


Value — dls. 


Value— dls. 


418,000 


- 361,000 


118,000 


- 274,000 


94,000 


- 506,000 


132,000 


- 101,000 


94,000 


- 218,000 


1,889,000 


2,062,000 


1806. 


1811. 


Value— dls. 


Value— dls. 


630,000 


241,000 


66,000 


13,000 


2,000 


4,000 


- 42,000 


29,000 


25,000 


9,000 


53,000 


18,000 



$818,000 $314,000 



Many small articles exported are not ascertained, although their 
value is returned to the treasury department. 

Some of these are manufactured, and others are in a raw state. 
We have now completed our view of the domestic exports of the 
United States ; we add the following table, exhibiting the value of 
the produce of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and of manufac- 
tures exported, for each year, from 1803 to 1816, by which the pro- 
portion of each can be, at Once, seen, during that period. 

Of the sea. Of the forest. Ofag-riculture.Of manufactures. 





Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


2,635,000 


4,850,000 


32,995,000 


1,355,000 


1804 


3,420,000 


4,630,000 


30,890,000 


2,100,000 


1805 


2,884,000 


5,261,000 


31,562,000 


2,300,000 


1806 


3,116,000 


4,861,000 


30,125,000 


2,707,000 


1807 


2,804,000 


5,476,000 


37,832,000 


2,120,000 


1808 


832,000 


1,399,000 
19 


6,746,000 


344.000 



146 

Of the sea. Of the forest. Of agriculture.Of manufactures 

Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 

1809 1,710,000 4,583,000 23,234,000 1,506,000 

1810 1,481,000 4,978,000 33,502,000 1,917,000 

1811 1,413,000 5,286,000 35,556,000 2,376,000 

1812 935,000 2,701,000 24,555,000 1,355,000 

1813 304,000 1,107,000 23,119,000 390,000 

1814 188,000 570,000 5,613,000 246,300- 

1815 912,000 3,910,000 38,910,000 1,553,000 

1816 1,331,000 7,293,000 53,354,000 1,755,000 

From this it appears, that on an average of eight years, from 1803 
to 1811, the produce of agriculture constituted about three quarters, 
in value, of all the domestic exports of the United States, the produce 
of the forest about one ninth, of the sea, about one fifteenth, and man- 
ufactures, about one twentieth. For the year 1812, the whole value 
of the domestic exports, was $30,032, 109 ; of this, the value of the 
produce of agriculture was $24,555,000, leaving but five and a 
half millions for the rest ; and in the year ending October 1st, 1813, 
about sixteen months from the commencement of the late war with 
Great-Britain, the whole value of the domestic exports was 
$25,008,152; of this, the value of the produce of agriculture was 
$23,119,000, consisting, principally, of flour and provisions, sent to 
the Peninsula ; in the year 1814, in consequence of the blockade of 
our coast, the whole exports of the United States amounted only to 
$6,927,441, of which $6,782,272 was of domestic produce, which 
found its way, through certain ports, which, for a time, were not sub- 
ject to the blockade. 

In 1815, the value of domestic exports, was $45,974,403, of which 
the produce of agriculture constituted $38,910,000 ; and in 1816, 
was $64,781,896, an amount much larger than in any preceding year, 
and of which, agricultural productions constituted much the greatest 
part, being $53,354,000. This great increase was owing to the in- 
creased prices of cotton and tobacco, during that year. 



U7 
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149 
TABLE No. II. 





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151 
TABLE No. III. 





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152 

TABLE No. III. — CONTINUED. 



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153 
TABLE No. IV. 



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155 

TABLE No. V. 



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156 
TABLE No. V.—continueu. 



GO 


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157 
TABLE No. VI. 











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158 
TABLE No. VI— continued. 





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150 
TABLE No. VII. 



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160 
TABLE No. VII — continued. 



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162 



TABLE No. VIII.— continued. 







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TABLE No. VIII.— continued. 









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Russia, 
Prussia, 
Sweden, 
Swedish 







CHAPTER V. 



EXPORTS OF FOREIGN PRODUCE. 



Trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe— their trade in 
foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, and 1807— 
Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods paying ad valorem 
duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 1816— Quantity of sugar and 
coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem duties imported from different 
countries in 1807— Quantity of sugar and coffee exported to different 
countries, in different years— Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, co- 
coa, and pepper, exported in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. 

The war between England and France, which began in 1793, 
soon after the establishment of the present national government, and 
between England and Spain in 179G, and which continued, with but 
a short interval, until it involved all the nations of Europe, threw into 
the hands of the American merchant, no small portion of the trade of 
the world. 

The vast superiority of the naval force of England rendered the 
intercourse between the European powers at war with that nation, 
and their Colonies, extremely difficult. 

They were, therefore, obliged to depend, in a great measure, up- 
on neutrals to carry on the trade between them, and their distant pos- 
sessions. The valuable productions of the French, Spanish, and Dutch 
East and West-Indies, had no other mode of finding their way to Eu- 
rope, without great risque and expense, but by the aid of a neutral flag. 
The local situation of the United States, in relation to the West-India 
Islands, and their long accustomed habits of intercourse with them, 
naturally threw a great proportion of this trade into the hands of the 



16G 

Americans ; and the increase of the tonnage of the United States, 
as well as the spirit and enterprise of their citizens, led them, also, 
to engage in the more distant trade of the East-Indies, and every oth- 
er part of the world. The valuable articles of colonial produce, such 
as sugar, coffee, spirits, cocoa, pimento, indigo, pepper, and spices of 
all kinds, were carried, either directly to Europe, cr were first brought 
to the United States, and from thence exported in American vessels. 
These and other articles imported were allowed, under certain regu- 
lations, to be exported from the United States, with a drawback of 
the duties, paid or secured to be paid upon them, on their importa- 
tion. The manufactures of Europe, and particularly of Great-Bri- 
tain, as well as the manufactures and produce of the East-Indies and 
China, have also been imported, and again exported, in large quanti- 
ties, to the West-Indies, to the Spanish Colonies in South-America, 
and elsewhere. This trade, which has been called the carrying 
trade, has, in some years, exceeded in value the trade of the United 
States, in articles of domestic produce ; it has been the means, not 
only of increasing our commercial tonnage, but of enriching the pub- 
lic treasury, as well as filling the coffers of individuals. The value 
of the exports of domestic and foreign articles from 1803 to 1816, is 
stated in Chapter III. 

From this it appears, that in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, be- 
ing years of trade unshackled by commercial restrictions, the value 
of exports of domestic produce and manufacture7was $134,590,552, 
being on an average $44,863,517 a year, and of exports of foreign 
produce and manufacture, $173,105,813, on an average $57,701,937 
a year, making a difference of $38,515,261 or $12,838,420 per 
year. During the late war between the United States and Great- 
Britain, this trade was annihilated. We were unable to procure 
supplies of foreign articles, for our own consumption, much less for 
exportation. On the return of peace, between the two countries, 
foreign articles were again exported ; and in 1815, the year the 
war closed, articles of foreign growth to the amount of $6,583,350, 
and in 1816, the value of $17,138,555 were exported. 



167 



The progress of this trade, from 1791 to 1816, may be seen from 
the following account of the quantities of the principal articles of for- 
eign produce or manufacture, exported from the United States in each 
year, viz. sugar, coffee, pepper, cocoa, and goods principally paying 
duties ad valorem : — 





Sugar. 


Coffee. 


Pepper. 


Cocoa. 


Goods mostly 
paying ad. val. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


duties. — dols. 


1791 


74,504 


962,977 


492 


8,322 


2,840,310 


1792 


1,176,156 


2,134,7*2 


5,046 


6,000 


3,560,119 


1793 


4,539,809 


17,580,049 


14,361 


234,875 


4,110,240 


1794 


20,721,761 


33,720,983 


23,884 


1,188,302 


4,976,120 


1795 


21,377,747 


47,443,179 


301,692 


525,432 


5,670,260 


1796 


34,848,644 


62,385,117 


491,330 


928,107 


6,794,346 


1797 


38,366,262 


44,521,887 


1,901,130 


875,334 


7,835,456 


1798 


51,703,963 


49,580,927 


501,982 


3,146,445 


8,967,828 


1799 


78,821,751 


31,987,088 


441,312 


5,970,590 


18,718,477 


1800 


56,432,516 


38,597,479 


635,849 


4,925,518 


16,076,848 


1801 


97,565,732 


45,106,494 


3,153,139 


7,012,155 


17,159,016 


1802 


61,061,820 


36,501,998 


5,422,144 


3,878,526 


14,906,081 


1803 


23,223,849 


10,294,693 


2,991,430 


367,177 


5,351,524 


1804 


74,964,366 


48,312,713 


5,703,646 


695,135 


9,377,805 


1805 


123,031,272 


46,760,294 


7,559,224 


2,425,680 


15,201,483 


1806 


145,839,320 


47,001,662 


4,111,983 


6,846,758 


19,016,909 


1807 


143,136,905 


42,122,573 


4,207,166 


8,540,524 


18,971,539 


1808 


28,974,927 


7,325,448 


1,709,978 


1,896,990 


4,765,737 


1809 


45,248,128 


24,364,099 


4,722,098 


2,029,336 


5,889,669 


1810 


47,038,125 


31,423,477 


5,946,336 


1,286,010 


8,438,349 


1811 


18,381,673 


10,261,442 


3,057,456 


2,221,462 


8,815,291 


1812 


13,927,277 


10,073,722 


2,521,003 


752,148 


3,591,755 


1813 


7,347,038 


6,568,527 


99,660 


108,188 


368,603 


1814 


762 


220,594 


none. 


27,386 


41,409 


1815 


3,193,908 


7,501,384 


746,349 


1,065,582 


3,486,178 


1816 


17,536,416 


8,948,713 


769,329 


531,571 


8,103,734 



It will be perceived that, inconsequence of the peace concluded at 
Amiens in the fall of 1801, and which continued about eighteen 
months, the exports of foreign produce were less than in the years 
preceding. — Most of the foreign articles, which were not then in the 
United States, went directly to the places of their destination, with- 
out first coming to this country. 

On the renewal of the war, however, in 1803, and until the com- 
mencement of our commercial prohibitions, our trade in articles of 
foreign produce and manufacture again increased, and exceeded that 



168 



of any former years. In each of the years 1806 and 1807, more 
than one hundred and forty-three millions of pounds of sugar, were 
exported from the United States, making, at one thousand pounds a 
hogshead, one hundred and forty-three thousand hogsheads. Nearly 
the whole of this was imported, and again exported in American ves- 
sels, and must have employed about seventy thousand tons of ship- 
ping. The freight of these cargoes, in the two different voyages* 
could not be less than between three and four millions of dollars. 

The whole quantity of sugar imported into the United States in the 
same years, was as follows, viz. — 



In 1806 
1807 



Pounds. 
200,737,940 



In 1807, the following quantities of sugar were imported from the 
different quarters of the world, and from places in each belonging to 
particular nations, in American and foreign bottoms : — 



Sugar imported 


. in Amer- Sugar imported in foreign 


ican vessels. vessels. 


From Brown. 


Clayed. Brown. Clayed. 


Europe, - - 1,414 


- 


Africa, - - 2,239,396 


126,962 


Asia, - - 10,598,278 


40,892 1.249,072 


West-India Isl- i 




ands and Ame- > 148,095,225 43,453,979 12,639,362 1,902,699 


rican Colonies, ) 




From particular 




places. 




Bourbon k Mauritus, 2,040,697 





Danish East-Indies, 1,161,786 





Dutch East-Indies, 2,467,226 


- 1,021,860 


British East-Indies, 6,303,510 


227,212 


Manilla and other J 




Philippine Isl- ( 664,133 





ands, - ) 




Swedish West-Indies, 2,437,559 


308,440 



vessels. 


Brown. 


Clayed. 


2,122,744 


79,257 


968,860 


- 


3,556,715 


34,338 



169 

From particular Sugar imported in Amer- Sugar imported in foreign 
places. ican vessels. 

Brown. Clayed. 

Danish West-Indies, 17,828,282 - 
Dutch West-Indies, } 

and American /• 5,307,864 

Colonies, ) 

British West-Indies, 7,660,992 
French W. Indies, } 

& American Co- > 72,669,603 1,893,786 2,147,679 

lonies - ) 
Spanish W. Indies, 1 

& American Co- > 41,933,784 40,729,222 3,319,946 1,779,877 

lonies, - ) 

Tables Nos. I. and II. shew the countries and places to which su- 
gar was exported from 1800 to 1816. 

From these it will be seen, that previous to 1808, it was principal- 
ly shipped to France, Holland, Hamburg and Bremen, Spain, and 
Italy, and that, during our commercial restrictions, it was generally 
shipped to Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Russia. 

In 1807, it was shipped to the following countries, viz. 





Brown. 




Clayed. 




lbs. 




lbs. 


To Russia, 


52,852 


- 


297,844 


Sweden, 


179,587 


- 


33,949 


Denmark and Norway, 


2,286,608 


- 


1,267,227 


Holland, 


48,012,198 


- 


8,719,529 


Great-Britain, 


2,015,765 


- 


640,231 


Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 


2,192,991 


- 


1,066,943 


France, 


27,831,968 


- 


7,029,202 


Spain, 


6,906,740 


- 


5,524,852 


Portugal, 


178,643 


- 


188,356 


Italy, - 


14,074,935 


- 


9,476,602 


Europe, (generally) 


• 184,798 


- 


159,479 



170 

In 1816, seventeen millions five hundred thirty-six thousand four 
hundred and sixteen pounds of sugar was exported from the United 
States, and principally to the following places : — 



Brown. 




Clayed. 


lbs. 




lbs. 


To Russia, 654,838 


- 


161,815 


Sweden, - - 38,354 


- 


88,804 


Denmark and Norway, 72,971 


- 


- 


Holland, - - 4,443,842 


- 


336,398 


Great-Britain, - 1,060,116 


- 


9,646 


Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 1,675,997 


- 


38,843 


France, - - 3,848,475 


- 


447,270 


Spain, - - 661,264 


- 


139,761 


Italy, - - 1,715,075 


- 


795,008 


Europe, (generally) 258,680 


- 


35,000 


COFFEE. 







The quantity of coffee exported, on an average of the years 1804, 
1805, 1806, and 1807, exceeded forty five millions of pounds. 

The whole quantity imported, in 1807, was fifty-eight millions 
eight hundred twenty-four thousand eight hundred and twenty-one 
pounds, and principally from the following places, viz. — 

Pounds. 

Bourbon and Mauritius - - 4,470,846 

Dutch East-Indies, - - 8,842,832 

Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red-Sea, 1 ,709,533 

Danish West-Indies, - 10,966,411 

Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, 2,404,659 

British West-Indies, - - - 2,423,611 
Swedish West-Indies, - - 1,705,670 

French West-Indies and American Colonies, 16,461,478 

Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies, 9,753,976 



171 

Table No. III. shews the places to which coffee was shipped from 
1800 to 1816. Previous to 1808, it was shipped principally to 
Holland, France, Great-Britain, Hamburg and Bremen, and Italy. 
While our commercial restrictions were in force, it was cleared out 
for the northern ports in Europe. 

In 1806, 1807, and 1810, the greatest part was shipped to the fol- 
lowing places, viz. — 





1806. 


180?. 


1810. 




Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Russia, 


- 


- 149,271 


4,048,909 


Prussia, 


222,351 


- 


1,098,211 


Sweden, 


- 


- 


7,120,496 


Denmark and Norway, 


606,621 


756,511 


14,120,990 


Holland, 


21,833,438 


19,900,965 


44,618 


Great-Britain, 


2,543,370 


1,052,075 


- 


Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 


5,306,950 


2,644,511 


1,206,389 


France, 


8,282,965 


11,088,529 


- 


Spain, - 


236,113 


456,428 


- 


Portugal, 


687,006 


44,801 


- 


Italy, 


4,948,814 


3,490,495 


784,423 


Europe, (generally) 


- 


- 


246,540 



In 1816, eight millions nine hundred forty-eight thousand seven 
hundred and thirteen pounds of coffee was exported to the folio w- 
ing places, viz. — 





Pounds. 


To Russia, 


795,636 


Sweden - 


101,320 


Denmark and Norway, 


62,536 


Holland, - 


2,087,584 


Great-Britain, 


77,555 


Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 


828,727 


France, - 


- 2,200,859 



172 

Pounds 
Spain, ... - - 45,264 

Italy, 1,111,013 

Europe, (generally) - 226,954 

While we were thus carrying to Europe these valuable articles oi 
colonial produce, we imported from thence, and particularly from 
Great-Britain, great quantities of manufactured goods, and other arti- 
cles, which were again exported, and principally to the West-Indies, 
and Spanish American Colonics. 

In 1806, goods free of duty and subject to duties ad valorem to 
the value of $18,571,477 and in 1807, to the value of $18,564,507 
were exported from the United States. Of these in 1806, $2,383,910 
and in 1807, $2,080,114 were free of duty. 

The whole amount of goods paying ad valorem duties, imported in 
the years 1806 and 1807, was as follows, viz. — 

In 1806 - $54,461,957 

1807 - - - - 58,655,917 

Between one third and one quarter, therefore, of all the goods pay- 
ing duties ad valorem, imported during these years, were again ex- 
ported. These goods were imported from the different quarters of the 
world in 1807, in the following proportions, viz. — 

From Europe, - - $50,915,135 

Africa, - - - 108,607 

Asia, ----- 6,392,592 
West-India Islands and American Colonies, 1,239,583 



$58,655,917 

And principally from the following countries and places in each 
quarter, viz. — 

Dolls. 
From the United Kingdom of G. Britain and Ireland, 38,901,838 
Russia, - 1,804,860 



173 

Dolls. 

From Sweden, - - - 423,304 

Denmark and Norway, - - 864,474 

Holland, - - - 1,882,583 

Hamburg, Bremen, and other parts of Germany, 2,190,732 

French European ports on the Atlantic, - 3,371 ,489 

do. do. on the Mediterranean, 347,571 

Spanish ports on the Atlantic, - - 67,138 

do. do. on the Mediterranean, - 112,273 

Portugal, - - - 91,088 

Fayal and the other Azores, - - 1,188 

Italy, .... 636,432 
Trieste and other Austrian ports on the Adriatic, 203,461 

Danish East-Indies, - - 262,685 

Dutch do. - - - 112,508 

British do. 4,073,910 

Manilla and other Philippine Islands, - 12,316 

Turkey, Levant, and Egypt, - - 60,741 

Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red Sea, 49,447 

China, .... 1,820,067 

British West-Indies, - - - 276,565 

British American Colonies, - - 269,198 

Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies 457,523 

French do. do. - - 93,005 

Of these goods, it appears, that $43,525,320 were imported from 
the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland and their depend- 
encies, $3,812,065 from France and its dependencies, and the resi- 
due, being $1 1,318,532 from other parts of the world. 

The other articles of foreign produce and manufacture of consider- 
able value exported from the United States, when their trade was free, 
and before the late war between the United States and Great-Britan, 
were wines, spirits, teas of various kinds, spices of all kinds, paints, 
lead, and manufactures of lead, iron ; fish, and many others of minor 
importance. 



if4 

On an average of the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the annual quan- 
tity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, exported, was as fol* 
lows, viz. — 



Wines, 


gallons 


- 


3,423,485 


Spirits, 


do. 


- 


1,600,301 


Teas, 


pounds 


- 


2,151,385 


Cocoa, 


do. 


- 


5,937,654 


Pepper, 


do. 


- 


5,292,791 



That this trade in foreign articles, or the carrying trade, as it has 
been called, added much to our national wealth cannot be doubted. 
While it increased our commercial tonnage, it enriched the public 
treasury, as well as individuals. Many of the goods and other arti- 
cles exported were not entitled to a drawback, in consequence of the 
owners not having complied with the law on that subject. The du- 
ties collected and secured on articles exported, without the benefit 
of drawback, and which, of course, were not paid by consumers in 
the United States, during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, amounted 
to the following sums, viz. — 

In 1805 - - - $1,531,618 

1806 - ... 1,297,535 

1807 - - 1,393,877 



Making, - - $4,223,030 

Add to this the amount of the three and a half per cent, retained on 
the drawbacks, and which for the same years, was as follows, viz.«— 



1805 - - - $328,144 79 

1806 - - 334,247 39 

1807 - - - 368,275 50 



$1,030,697 68 



175 

and the whole amount received into the public treasury, for these 
three years, from duties, in consequence of this trade, and which was 
not paid by the people of the United States, will be $5,253,697 68 
being about one ninth of all the duties, collected or secured, during 
that period. 

In 1816, the amount of revenue derived from foreign articles ex- 
ported, but not entitled to drawback, was $845,789 44. 

The amount, which this trade has added to the wealth of individu- 
als, and of course to the nation, it is impossible to ascertain with any 
degree of precision. Some light, however, may be thrown on this 
subject, in the subsequent chapters. 



TABLE No. I. 



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177 
TABLE No. I.— CONTINUED. 







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181 

TABLE No. III.— continued. 



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cS 3 



CHAPTER VI. 



Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of the 
world at different periods — Particular account of the trade with Great- 
Britain, France, and other countries — A comparative view of exports and 
imports in different years — Value of the principal articles imported at 
different periods — Amount of cotton and woollen goods imported from 
Great-Britain in 1806 and 1807, and wines and brandies from France — 
Origin of their trade with China and the East-Indies— Quantity of teas 
imported in different years from 1790 to 1812. 

Having, in the preceding chapters, given an account of the exports 
of the United States, we shall now present a view of the imports, 
together with an account of our trade with the different parts of the 
world, and its increase since the establishment of the present govern- 
ment. We would here remark, that no returns are made to the treas- 
ury department, of the value of the various articles imported, by the 
collectors of the customs, except those paying duties ad valorem ; the 
value of which, at the place of importation, is ascertained by law as 
follows, viz. — " by adding twenty per cent, to the actual cost there- 
of, if imported from the Cape of Good Hope, or from any place beyond 
the same, and ten per cent, on the actual cost thereof, if imported from 
any other place or country, including all charges, commissions, outside 
packages, and insurance only excepted." By the law establishing 
the new tariff of duties, the value is to be calculated " on the net cost 
of the articles, at the place whence imported, exclusive of packages, 
commissions, and all charges." 

The goods or merchandize, thus paying ad valorem duties, embrace,, 
as has been heretofore noticed, with few exceptions, all the woollen, 
cotton, linen, silk, metal, earthern, and paper manufactures imported, 
and by the new tariff many other articles. The value of these goods, 
ascertained in the manner before stated, and not the quantity is re- 
turned to the treasury department. Of all the other various articles 
imported, the quantity and not the value is returned to the treasury 
by the collectors. The treasury books, therefore, do not shew the 
value of tke imports, as they do that of the exports of the United 



184 

States. This can only be ascertained by a long and tedious calcula- 
tion from the prices of the various articles (except those paying ad 
valorem duties) at the places of importation. To do this, with ac- 
curacy, for each year, from the commencement of the government, 
would require more time and labour than anyone would be willing 
to bestow on so dry a subject. At different times, however, since 
the establishment of the government, at the request of the national le- 
gislature, official returns have been made to Congress, of the value of 
our imports for short periods. From these returns and the documents 
accompanying them, and from other calculations, we shall be able, 
we trust, to present a satisfactory view of the value of our imports 
and trade with different parts of the world, for the greatest part of the 
time from the commencement of the government. By a report of the 
Secretary of State, of the 16th of December 1793, having reference 
to the year 1792, it appears, that the countries, with which the United 
States at that time had their chief commercial intercourse, were Spain, 
Portugal, France, Great-Britain, the United Netherlands, Denmark 
and Sweden, and their American possessions ; and that the articles 
of export, constituting the basis of that commerce, with their respect- 
ive amount, was as follows, viz. — 



Dolls. 

Bread stuffs, that is to say, bread grain, meal, ) - fi4Q ftft „ 

and bread, to the annual amount of S 

Tobacco, - - - 4,349,567 

Rice, - - - 1,753,796 

Wood, - 1,263,534 

Salted fish, ... - - 941,696 
Pot and pearl ashes, - - - 839,093 

Salted meats, - - - 599,130 

Indigo, - - 537,379 

Horses and mules, - - 339,753 

Whale oil, - ... 252,591 

Flax seed, ----- 236,072 

Tar, pitch, and turpentine, - - 217,177 

Live provisions, - - - 137,743 

Foreign goods, - 620,274 



19,737,692 



185 

The proportion of these exports which went to each of the nations 
before mentioned, and their dominions, the secretary states as fol- 
lows : — 





Dolls. 


To Spain and its dominions, 


2,005,907 


Portugal and do. 


1,283,462 


France and do. 


4,698,735 


Great-Britain and do. 


9,363,416 


United Netherlands & do. 


1,963,880 


Denmark and do. 


224,415 


Sweden and do. 


47,240 



Our imports, from the same countries, are also stated to be — from 

Dolls. 

Spain and its dominions, - - 335,110 

Portugal and do. ... 595,763 

France and do. 2,068,348 

Great-Britain and do. - - 15,285,428 

United Netherlands & do. - - - 1,172,692 

Denmark and do. ... 351,364 

Svedenand do. 14,325 



$ 19,823,030* 

The above account does not include the whole amount of our ex- 
ports at that period, as many articles of smaller value, than those men- 
tioned, are not included. 

Tables No. I. and II. give a view of the commercial intercourse of 
the United States, with foreign countries and their dependencies, from 
1795 to 1801 inclusive, exhibiting the value of the exports to each na- 
tion, and its dependencies, and the value of the imports from the same 
during that period. The exports were taken from the custom-house 
books, and the value of the imports was made out, with great care 

* See printed Report of the Secretary of Sta,te. 

24 



186 

and labour, from the prices of the various articles imported, (except 
those paying ad valorem duties,) at the places of importation.* 

From these tables, the following is the amount of the exports and 
imports of the United States, from the year 1795 to 1801 : — 

Exports. Imports. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

1795 - - 47,855,556 - - 69,756,258 

1796 - - 67,064,097 - - 81,436,164 

1797 - - 56,850,206 - - 75,379,406 

1798 - - 61,527,097 - - 68,551,700 

1799 - - 78,665,522 - - 79,069,148 

1800 - - 70,971,780 - - 91,252,708 

1801 - - 93,020,573 - - 111,363,511 

During the session of Congress in the winter of 1806, the Secretary 
of the Treasury furnished the house of representatives with several 
valuable statements and documents, relative to the trade of the Uni- 
ted States with different parts of the world, in the years 1802, 1803, 
and 1804. 

These statements were called for by the house, while various pro- 
positions were under their consideration, as to a total, or partial non- 
intercourse with Great-Britain and her dependencies, for the purpose 
of ascertaining the amount of our trade with that kingdom, in compari- 
son with the other parts of the world, and to enable the house to see 
to what extent our commerce and revenue might be affected, by a non- 
intercourse with the British dominions. From these statements, the 
annual value of our imports from all parts of the world, on an average 
of the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, amounted to $75,3 16,937, and the 
average value of our exports, for the same period, was $68,461,000. 
The value of the imports was calculated upon the same principles, as 
the value of goods then paying ad valorem duties, that is to say, by 

* For these and other valuable Tables we are indebted to the politeness of 
a gentleman, who has long been one of the principal clerks in the Treasury 
Department., who has been much conversant with the subjects to which they 
relate. 



187 

adding from ten to twenty per cent, to the prime cost and charges at 
the places from which the articles were imported ; the value of the 
exports was taken from the custom-house books. 

The value of the principal articles imported, was estimated as fol- 
lows : — 

Dolls. 

Merchandize paying 12 1-2 per cent, ad valorem, 30,732,069 

do. do. 15 do. 8,303,770 

do. do.' 20 do. - 453,751 

Nails and spikes, ----- 479,041 

Lead and manufactures of lead, - 227,002 

Steel, 147,957 

Beer, ale and porter, - - 76,020 

Cheese, - 77,150 

Boots and shoes, - - , - 101,300 

Coal, ----- 36,407 

Salt, ------ 771,996 

Rum, ----. 3,881,089 

Geneva, - 675,430 

Brandy, 2,077,601 

Wines, 2,962,039 

Teas, 2,360,507 

Coffee, ----- 8,372,712 

Sugar, ----- 7,794,254 

Molasses, ----- 1,930,592 

Cotton, - 804,125 

Pepper, - - - - . 633,041 

Indigo, ------ 436,941 

Cocoa, ----- 310,773 

Pimento, ----___ 71 997 

Hemp, --.----- 919,443 

All other articles, - - - 680,000 



$75,316,937 
By the same statements, the amount of our commerce with the dif- 



188 

ferent parts oi the world, on an average of the same period, was esti« 
mated as follows : — 

I. WITH THE DOMINIONS OF GREAT-BRITAIN IN EUROPE (dBRALTAF 
EXCEPTED.) 

The annual exports are estimated at about $ 15,690,000, viz.— 

Domestic Produce. Dolls. 

Cotton - - - 5,640,000 

Tobacco, ----- 3,220,000 

Provisions, - 2,160,000 

Lumber, naval stores, and pot ashes, - - 1,510,000 

All other articles of domestic produce, - 900,000 



$ 13,430,000 
Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000 



$15,690,000 

The annual imports at $27,400,000, viz.— 

Irj merchandize paying duties on its value, em- 
bracing, with inconsiderable exceptions, all 
the woollen, cotton, linen, silk, metal, glass, 
and paper manufactures, -• - - $26,060,000 

All the articles paying specific duties, and 
consisting principally of salt, steel, lead, 
nails and porter, 1,340,000 



$27,400,000 



II. WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES. 

Annual exports, $130,000. 

Domestic produce, $47,000 

Foreign do. ------ 83,000 

$130,000 



189 
Imports $3, 530,000 viz.—- 

In merchandize paying ad valorem duties, 
and consisting principally of white cot- 
tons, .... $2,950,000 

In all other articles, consisting principally 

of sugar, pepper, and cotton, - - 580,000 



$3,530,000 

III. WITH THE NORTHERN BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA. 

The annual exports amount to $ 1 ,000,000, and consist of the fol- 
lowing articles, viz. — 



Domestic produce. 

Provisions and live stock, 
Lumber, naval stores, and pot ashes, 

Skins and furs, - 

All other articles. - 


Dolls. 

530,000 
90,000 

160,000 
60,000 


Foreign merchandize, 


$840,000 
160,000 



$1 ; 000,00Q 

The annual imports amount to $540,000 viz.— 

in goods paying ad valorem duties, and con- 
sisting principally of merchandize for the 

Indian trade, and of fish, - - $480,000 

x\ll articles paying specific duties, -. - 60,000 



$540,000* 
* Plaister of Paris is not included in the above sum. 



i9a 

IV. WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. 

The exports consist of the following articles, viz. — 
Provisions and livestock, - - $4,720,000 



Lumber, - 


990,000 


All other articles, - 


340,000 




$6,050,000 


And the imports as follows, viz. — 




Spirits, - - 


$2,460,000 


Sugar and coffee, ... 


1,480,000 


All other articles, - - - 


650,000 



$4,590,000 

IMPORTATIONS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 

The annual value of imports from all parts of the 
world, calculated on the average of three 
years, - ... $75,316,000 



Of which the value imported from the domin- 
ions of Great-Britain, amounts to - $35,970,000 

And that imported from all other countries as follows, viz. — 

From the northern powers, Prussia 

and Germany - - $7,094,000 

From the dominions of Holland, 

France, Spain, and Italy, - 25,475,000 

From the dominions of Portugal, 1,083,000 

From China, and other native 

powers of Asia, - - 4,856,000 

From all other countries, inclu- 
ding some articles not particu- 
larly discriminated, - 838,000 

$39,346,000 

$75,316,000 



191 

The value of the several species of merchandize, thus imported, 
may be arranged as follovveth, viz. — 

1st. Articles, principally imported from the dominions of Great- 
Britain, viz. — 

Merchandize paying duties on its value, - $39,489,000 
Salt, nails, lead, steel, beer, cheese, shoes & boots, 1,917,000 
Rum, - - - - ' 3,881,000 



$45,287,000 



Of which are imported from the 

dominions of Great-Britain, $33,46 1,000 
And from all other countries, 1 1 ,826,000 



$45,287,000 

1. Articles, principally imported from other countries, viz. — ■ 

Coffee, .... $8,373,000 

Sugar, - - - - 7,794,000 

Molasses, ... . 1,930,000 

Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pepper, and pimento, 2,257,000 

Hemp, soap, candles, and all other articles, ) . finn non 
(wines, teas, gin and brandy excepted,) $ 



$21,954,000 



Of which are imported from the 

dominions of Great-Britain, $2,476,000 

And from all other countries, 19,478,000 



$21,954,000 



192 

3d. Articles only incidentally imported from Great-Britain, viz. — 

Brandy and Geneva, - - $2,753,000 

Wines, - 2,962,000 

Teas, - - _ . 2,360,000 



$8,075,000 



Of which are imported from the 

dominions of Great-Britain, $33,000 

From all other countries, - 8,042,000 



$8,075,000 

EXPORTS TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 

I. DOMESTIC PRODUCE. 

The annual value of the articles of domestic pro- 
duce, exported to all parts of the world, calculated on 
ihe average of the same three years, is computed at - $39,928,000 



Of which the amount exported to 

the British Dominions is - - $20,653,000 

And that to all other parts of the world, viz. — 

To the northern powers, Prussia and 

Germany, - - - $2,918,000 

To the dominions of Holland 

France, Spain, and Italy, - 12,183,000 

To the dominions of Portugal, - 1,925,000 

To all other countries, including, also, 
some articles not particularly dis- 
criminated, - 2,249,000 

$19,275,000 



193 

Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and 
without reference to the dominions of any particular power, those ex- 
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — 

Exported to Europe, - $22,957,000 

to the West-Indies and other American 

Colonies, - 15,607,000 

to Asia, Africa, and the South-Seas, - 1,364,000 



$39,928,000 

And the several articles, of which these exports consist, are respect- 
ively valued as follows, viz. — 

Provisions, flour, wheat, corn, rice, and every oth- 
er species of vegetable food, - - $13,040,000 
Dried and pickled fish, - 2,848,000 
Beef, pork ; butter, cheese, and every species of an- 
imal food, .... 3,728,000 



$19,616,000 



Cotton, - - 6,940,000 

Tobacco, - 6,143,000 

Lumber, naval stores, and pot-ashes, . - - 4,387,000 

All other articles, - - - 2,842,000 



$39,928,000 

II. FOREIGN PRODUCE. 

The annual value of foreign produce, re-exported to 
all parts of the world, calculated on the average of the 
same three years, is estimated at $28,533,000 



of which the amount, exported to the dominions of 

Great-Britain, is ... $3,054,000 

25 



194 

And to all other parts of the world, is, viz. — 

To the northern powers, Prussia and 

Germany, - - §5,05 1,000 

To the dominions of Holland, France, 

Spain, and Italy, - 18,495,000 

To the dominions of Portugal, - 396,000 

To all other countries, including, also, 
some articles not particularly discri- 
minated, - 1,537,000 

25,479,000 



$23,533,000 

Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and 
without reference to the dominions of any particular power, these ex- 
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — 

Exported to Europe, - §20,648,000 

to the W. Indies and American Colonies, 6,688,000 
to Asia, Africa, and the South Seas, 1,197,000 



§28,533,000 



The several articles, of which these exports consist, are respective 
\y valued as follows, viz. — 

Merchandize, paying ad valorem duties, - §9,772,000 

Coffee, - . . 7,302,000 

Sugar, - - - 5,775,000 

Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pimento, and pepper, - 2,490,000 

Teas, ----- 1,304,000 

Wines, - ... 1,108,000 

Spirits of every description. - 642,000 

\11 other articles, - 140,000 

§28,533,000 



195 



GENERAL BALANCE. 



Annual value of importations being stated at §75,3 16,000 

And that of exports of domestic produce §39,928,000 
of foreign do. 28,533,000 

§68,461 ,000 



§6,855,000 



Leaves an apparent balance, according to the statement of the Se- 
cretary against the United States, of near seven millions of dollars.* 

During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the imports, as well as the 
exports of the United States, were greater than in any former years. 

Table No. III. shews the quantity and value of all the articles im- 
ported into the United States, from October 1st, 1806, to September 
30tb, 1807. The value of the articles (except those paying ad va- 
lorem duties) was ascertained from the prices, at which the same arti- 
cles were valued at the Treasury, during the same period, on their 
exportation. The value of the imports for this year, thus ascertained, 
amounted to §138,574,876. 

The value of the principal articles was as follows, viz. — 

Goods paying ad valorem duties, - §58,655,917 

Malmsey and Madeira wine, - - 1,023,321 

Burgundy do. 59,279 

Sherry do. - - 353,672 

All other do. <■ - " - 3,051,397 

Foreign spirits from grain, - - 1,477,679 

Do. do. from other materials, - 9,221,175 

Molasses, - - - 3,064,044 

Bohea tea, - - - 493,946 

Souchong do. - 1,250,029 

Hyson do. 1,251,367 

Other green do. - * - 2,117,362 

Coffee, - 16,470,947 

• See report of the Secretary of the Treasury in 1806 



196 



Cocoa, - 


$2,297,961 


Sugar, brown, .... 


17,511,061 


Do. clayed, - 


5,901,804 


Raisins, in jars and boxes, 


138,307 


All other, - 


291,807 


Candles, tallow, - 


98,538 


Cheese, - • - 


288,299 


Soap, - 


276,222 


Tallow, 


262,541 


Pepper, - 


804,869 


Pimento, "-',.-*" 


263,172 


Indigo, ..... 


1,849,529 


Cotton, - 


1,007,139 


Gun-powder, - 


97.406 


Iron, anchors and sheet, - 


70,368 


Do. slit and hoop, - 


77,301 


Do. nails and spikes, 


544,328 


White and red lead, - 


420,613 


Lead, and manufactures of lead, 


270,147 


Steel, 


205,595 


Hemp, - 


. 2,116,605 


Coal, - 


132,511 


Salt, (weighing more than 56 lbs. per bushel) 


1,387,903 


Do. (weighing 56 lbs. or less per bushel) 


288,791 


Glass, black quart bottles, - 


184,455 


Window-glass, not above 8 by 10 inches, 


261,268 


Do. not above 10 by 12 do. 


46,335 


Do. all above 10 by 12 do. 


73,202 


Segars, - - - 


256,240 



The amount of exports, for the same year, was — 

Domestic produce, .... $48,699,592 

Foreign do. 59,643,558 

Making, - - - $ 108,343, 150 

Leaving a difference between the value of exports 

and imports, for that year, of - $30,231,726 



197 

Since the late peace, the imports for consumption, particularly of 
goods paying duties ad valorem, consisting principally of wollens and 
cottons, have exceeded those of any former years. From January 
1st, to December 31st, 1815, the value of imports from all parts of the 
world, amounted to $ 133,041,274 38. 

The value of the articles was ascertained in the same manner, as 
in 1807 before stated. See table No. IV. including the quantity and 
value of imports from all parts of the world, and from Great-Britain, 
and dependencies in 1815. 

The value of the principal articles, from all parts of the world, was 
as follows, viz. — - 

Goods paying duties ad valorem, - $86,852,287 

Wines Malmsey Madeira, - - 802,844 

Do. Other Madeira, - - - 114,365 

Do. Burgundy, Champaign, &c. - - 34,308 

Do. Sherry and St. Lucar, - - - 150,668 

Do. All other, - - - 1,892,165 

Spirits from grain, - 1,093,308 

Do. from other materials, - - 8,265,043 

Molasses, .... 4,647,021 

Tea, Bohea, - - 56,325 

Do. Souchong, - - - 1,087,395 

Do. Hyson, .... 247,772 

Do. Other green, - - - 1,547,412 

Coffee, - - - 4,678,987 

Cocoa, - 115,904 

Sugar, brown, - - - 8,460,785 

Do. white, - - - 1,341,204 

Raisins in jars, &c. - 375,214 

Do. All other, - - - 233,665 

Candles, tallow, - - - 7,465 

Cheese, - - - 11,908 

Soap, ..... 67,951 

Tallow, - 80,976 



198 

Pepper, - - - #134,616 

Pimento, - 317,331 

Indigo, - ... 261,392 

Cotton, .... 46,716 

Gun -powder, - - - 92,027 

Iron, anchors, and sheet, - - 171,035 

Do. Slit and hoop, - - - 124,833 

Do. Nails, - - - 92,770 

Do. Spikes, .... 20,759 

White and red lead, - - 1,177,133 

Lead, and manufactures of lead, - - 799,764 

Steel, - - - - 527,279 

Hemp, .... 1,795,665 

Coal, .... 110,007 

Salt, (weighing more than 56 lbs. per bushel,) - 431,340 

Do. weighing 56 lbs. or less per bushel, - - 2,980,452 

Glass, black quart bottles, - - 379,457 

Do. Window glass not above 8 by 10 inches, - 45,980 

Do. not above 10 by 12 do. - - 47,220 

Do. above 10 by 12 do. - - 55,422 

Segars, - - 126,240 

In consequence of the double duties, and other causes, the price of 
most of the goods imported in 1815, (except those paying duties ad 
valorem,) was higher than in 1807. 

Having thus given a general view of our exports and imports, we 
shall, in the next place, as far as possible, present a view of our trade 
with each country, from the commencement of the government ; dis- 
tinguishing the trade of the parent country, from that of her Colonies 
and dependencies ; together with a general account of the trade of 
the United States, with each quarter of the world. 

I. GREAT-BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 

The principal articles, exported to Great-Britain and Ireland, are 
cotton, tobacco, rice, occasionally wheat and flour, flax-seed, naval 
stores, such as pitch, tar, and turpentine, timber and plank, staves 



199 

and heading, pot and pearl ashes, whale and spermaceti oil. Ou? 
imports are principally manufactured goods of various descriptions. 

By the treaty of peace in 1783, the United States were, of course, 
subject to the navigation laws and alien duties of Great-Britain. She, 
however, considered it for her interest, in some degree, to relax these 
laws, in their favour. By an act of parliament, passed in April, 1783, 
(23 Geo. III. chap. 39) the king and council were authorised to reg- 
ulate the trade between the two countries. This act was at first lim- 
ited to a short period, but was continued in force, by subsequent acts. 

The king and council, by orders made in pursuance of this act, 
prior to the year 1791, permitted any goods, being unmanufactured, 
(except fish oil, blubber, whale fins, and spermaceti,) and also any 
pig-iron, bar-iron, pitch, tar, turpentine, rosin, pot-ash, pearl-ash, 
indigo, masts, yards, and bowsprits, being the growth or production 
of any of the territories of the United States, to be imported directly 
from thence, into any of the ports of Great-Britain, upon payment of 
the same duties, as the like sort of goods were or might be subject to, 
if imported from any British island or plantation in America ; they 
also directed and ordered, that fish oil, blubber, whale fins, and sper- 
maceti, and also all other goods, not above enumerated, being the 
growth, production, or manufacture of the United States, might be im- 
ported from thence, into Great-Britain, upon payment of such 
duties of customs and excise, as were payable on the like goods on 
their importation from foreign countries, according to the tables 
marked A. B. and F. annexed to the consolidation act ; and that in 
cases where different duties were imposed upon the like goods import- 
ed from different foreign countries, then upon payment of the lowest 
of such duties.* 

The intercourse between the United States and the British West- 
Indies was also regulated, by orders of the king and council, which 
will be noticed hereafter. 

In consequence of these orders, many articles from the United 
Stales, such as pot and pearl ashes, iron, wood, and lumber of all 
kinds, indigo, and flax-seed, were imported into Great-Britain duty 

* See Axheson's collection of papers &c concerning the navigation and 
trade of Gre#t-Britain, 



200 

free, while most of the same articles, imported from other countries, 
were subject to heavy duties, and others, as tobacco, rice, pitch, tar, 
&c. paid only the same duties as when imported from British Colo- 
nies. 

The importation of grain, as we have before stated, was regulated 
by a general law, and except in times of scarcity, was liable to so 
high a duty, as to amount to a prohibition. 

By the 14th article of the treaty of amity* commerce, &c. of 
the 19th of November, 1794, liberty of commerce and navigation is 
established between the British dominions in Europe and the United 
States, subject however to the laws of the two countries ; and by the 
15th article, no higher duties are to be paid by either, than are paid 
by all other nations ; the British government reserving to itself, the 
right of imposing on American vessels, entering into the British ports 
in Europe, a tonnage duty equal to that which shall be payable by 
British vessels in the ports of America ; and also such duty as may 
be adequate to countervail the difference of duty then payable on the 
importation of goods, when imported into the United States, in Bri- 
tish or American bottoms. The treaty of 1794 expired in 1803, ex- 
cept the first ten articles, which were permanent. 

In the treaty negotiated by our commissioners in 1806, provision 
was made, for an equalization of tonnage and other duties, in the in- 
tercourse between the United States and Great-Britain. In the com- 
mercial convention of the 3d of July 1815, the duties on imports and 
tonnage are equalized, between the United States and the dominions 
of Great-Britain in Europe. In what manner this has affected, or 
may hereafter affect the commerce and navigating interest of the 
United States, isstated and explained hereafter in Chapter VII. 

The amount of the trade between the two countries, in each year, 
from 1784 to 1790, taken from English accounts, we have before stat- 
ed in Chapter I. 

In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of 
State, our exports to Great-Britain, and her dominions, amounted to 
$9,363,416, and our imports to $15,285,428. Much the greatest 
part of the imports was from Great-Britain, exclusive of her depen- 
dencies. From 1795 to 1801, the value of our exports to Great- 



201 

Britain and Ireland, and our imports from the same, was as follows, 
viz.* : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


6,324,066 


23,313,121 


1796 


17,143,313 


31,928,685 


1797 


6,637,423 


27,303,067 


1798 


11,978,870 


17,330,770 


1799 


19,930,428 


29,133,219 


1800 


19,085,603 '- 


32,877,059 


1801 


30,931,121 


39,519,218 



Our exports to Great-Britain and Ireland, on the average of the 
years 1802, 1803, and 1804, as appears, by the foregoing statement 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, were in value — 

Domestic produce, - $ 13,430,000 

Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000 



$15,690,000 

Our imports on the average of the same years 

were in value, - - - $27,400,009 

From 1805 to 1816, excluding the years of the late war, the value 
of the exports to Great-Britain and Ireland was as follows : — 





Domestic Produce. 




Foreign Produce. 




Value in Dolls. 




Value in Dolls. 


1805 


13,939,663 


- 


1,472,600 


1806 


12,737,913 


- 


2,855,583 


1807 


21,122,332 


- 


2,027,650 


1808 


3,093,978 


- 


106,327 


1809 


5,326,194 


- 


239,405 




* See Tables No. I. and II. 






26 







202 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce, 




Value in Dolls. 


Value in Dolls. 


1810 


11,388,438 


892,435 


1811 


13,184,553 


554,757 


1812 


4,662,296 


37,187 


1815 


17,628,836 


51,620 


1816 


29,350,807 


544,946 



The value of cotton shipped to Great-Britain, in 1816, was more 
than seventeen millions of dollars. 

The importations from Great-Britain and Ireland consist princi- 
pally of the various manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, and flax, man- 
ufactures of brass and copper, glass and earthern ware, haberdashery^ 
manufactures of iron and steel, lead, and manufactures of lead, hats, 
salt, tin and pewter, coal, beer, ale and porter. 

Much the greatest proportion of the above articles, on their impor- 
tation, are subject to duties, on their value. By ascertaining there- 
fore the amount of goods imported from Great-Britain and Ireland, 
paying these duties, the value of imports from that kingdom may be 
pretty accurately estimated. The following is the amount of goods 
of this description, imported for a number of years subsequent to 
1804, viz.— . 

Value in Dolls. 

1805 - - - - 31,556,159 

1806 - - • - 35,779,245 

1807 - - .■■".- 38,901,838 

1808 ----- 18,818,882 

1809 - - - - 17,647,542 

1810 - - - - - 29,123,605. 

1811 - - - - 25,338,044 

1812 - 7,663,179 
1813* - - - - 11,298,285 

* Importations, in consequence of the repeal of the Orders in Council 



In 1807, the amount of goods, paying duties ad valorem, was nearly 
thirty-nine millions of dollars ; when we add the goods imported, in 
the same year, duty free, and those subject to specific duties, the 
whole amount, imported from Great-Britain, in 1807, would not, it is 
believed, fall much short of fifty millions of dollars. 

On the return of peace between the two countries, in 1815, the im-' 
portation of British goods was great beyond example. From the 1st 
of January, to the 31st of December, 1815, the amount of goods 
paying duties ad valorem, imported from Great-Britain, and her do- 
minions, was $71,400,599. Nearly the whole of this sum was made 
up from goods coming directly from Great-Britain, consisting princi- 
pally of woollens and cotton. The value of articles paying specific du- 
ties, from Great-Britain and dependencies, during the same period, 
(calculating their value at the place of importation,) was $11,470,588 
80, making the whole amount no less than $82,871,185 80, from 
Great-Britain and the countries in her possession. See Table No. IV. 

A more full account of the trade and intercourse between the two 
countries, since the peace, and under the late commercial convention* 
will be given in Chapter VII. 

The British accounts of exports to, and imports from the United 
States, will serve, also, to shew the amount of the trade between the 
two countries. Tables No. V. and VI. contain the British official 
accounts of exports and imports, (exclusive of Scotland,) for the years 
1806, 1807, and 1808, ending on the 10th of October in each year, 
furnished the House of Commons, by the inspector general of imports 
and exports, containing their real, as well as official value. 

By these accounts, the real value of British produce and manufac- 
tures, and of foreign merchandize, exported to the United States, in 
those years, was as follows, viz. — 

1806. 1807. 1808. 

BrI SSre S r d i £ 11 > 716 > 620 £^,119,048 £5,718,615 
Foreign merchandize, 458,875 253,822 65,788 



Total exports, £12,175,495 £11,372,870 £5,784,403 



204 

And the real value of the imports from the United States, into 
Great-Britain, was — 

In 1806. 1807. 1808. 

£3,508,480 £5,201,909 £2,804,707 

To enable us to see, what proportion of all the exports of British 
produce and manufacture was shipped to the United States, during 
those years, we add table No. VII. shewing the real as well as offi- 
cial value of all the exports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- 
land,) to all parts of the world, for each of those years. This shews 
the real value of British produce and manufacture, exported to ail 
parts of the world, on an average of the years 1806 and 1807, to 
have been - - - £39,205,036, sterling, 

or about $176,000,000. 

And the real value of the same produce 
and manufacture, exported to the United 
States, on an average of the same two 

years, was - £11,417,834 or about 

$50,500,000, making between one quarter and one third of all the 
exports of British produce and manufacture, during these two years. 
Much the greatest part of our imports from Great-Britain consist of 
woollen and cotton goods. As these, with many others, on their im- 
portation into the United States, are subject to duties ad valorem, 
neither their quantity or value is separately ascertained by our cus- 
tom-house books. By the English accounts contained in table No. 
VI. the real value of cotton goods exported to the United States from 
Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland,) on an average of the same 
two years, was - - - £4,393,449 

and of woollen goods, - 4,591,437 



Making, - - - £8,984,886 sterling, 

or about $39,500,000, as valued in England, being more than nine- 
teen millions of cotton goods, and about twenty millions of wollens, in 
each of these years. 

We would here remark, that the imports and exports of the United 
States, for the years 1806 and 1807, were greater than in any for 



205 

mer year ; and that, probably, about one third of the goods imported 
from Great-Britain, especially those imported in 1806, were again 
exported to the West-Indies, to South-America, and elsewhere. The 
value of the exports of woollens from Great-Britain has been nearly 
stationary for many years, while the exports of cotton goods has in- 
creased beyond example. The United States have taken a large 
proportion of English woollens. Table No. VIII. contains an amount 
of the value of the woollen manufactures exported from Great-Britain 
from 1790 to 1799, agreeable to the estimate of the inspector general, 
together with the countries to which the same were exported.* From 
this, it will be seen, that during that period, from one quarter to one 
third, and in some years nearly one half, of all the woollens was ex- 
ported to the United States, greatly exceeding the amount exported to 
any other country.f 

The value of our imports from Great-Britain has always exceeded 
that of our exports, even in those years, when we have cousumed the 
whole of the imports. This difference, however, is less than appears 
from our custom-house books, as the value of our exports is ascertain- 
ed from the prices of the articles, at the place of exportation. Most 

* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 

f The manufacture of wool, as well as cotton, advanced very rapidly in the 
United States, while the restrictive system was in force, and during- the 
late war. The return of peace, however, and the great importations of 
British woollens, has depressed the woollen, as well as the cotton manufac- 
tures. By the new tariff of duties established in 1816, additional duties 
were imposed on imported woollens, with a view to support and encourage 
the American woollen manufactures. 

That merino sheep will endure our climate, experience has now fully prov- 
ed. And if Great-Britain, with her limited extent of territory, can maintain 
thirty millions of sheep, how much more easily can the United States, with 
their extended territory, and increasing improvements, maintain not only 
thirty millions, but double that number. By representations and statements 
made to congress, in the winter of 1816, by the woollen manufacturers, it 
was estimated that the capital invested in buildings, machinery, &c. and in 
the various establishments for the manufacture of wool in the United States, 
amounted to $12,000,000. In a climate like ours, sound policy dictates that 
the raising of sheep, as well as the manufacture of wool, should be aided 
and encouraged in every way. 



206 

of the articles exported are bulky, and have been carried, until lately, 
principally in our own ships.* The expense of transportation, there- 
fore, as well as a reasonable profit to the shipper, which cannot be 
less than about twenty per cent, must be added to the estimated value 
of our exports. The balance is paid by our trade with the West-In- 
dies, and other parts of the world. 

II. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES. 

The trade of the United States with the British East-Indies com- 
menced not long after the peace of 1783. In 1788, or 1789, Earl 
Cornwallis, then governour and commander in India, gave orders that 
American vessels should be treated at the company's settlements, in 
all respects, as the most favoured foreigners ; and the ship Chesa- 
peake, one of the first vessels that displayed the American colours in 
the Ganges, was favoured, by the supreme council of Bengal, with an 
exemption from the government customs which all foreign vessels 
were bound to pay.j 

This trade was regulated by our treaty with Great-Britain of the 
19th of November, 1794. The thirteenth article, relating to this 
subject, was as follows, viz. — 

ARTICLE XIII. 

Ci His Majesty consents, that the vessels belonging to the citizens 
of the United States of America, shall be admitted and hospitably re- 
ceived in all the sea-ports and harbours of the British territories in the 
East-Indies. And that the citizens of the said United States may 
freely carry on a trade between the said territories and the said 
United States, in all articles of which the importation or exportation 
respectively, to or from the said territories, shall not be entirely pro- 

* The number of American ships cleared from Liverpool, in 1807, was 
four hundred and eighty-nine, and their tonnage one hundred twenty-three 
thousand five hundred and forty -five. 

f Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 



207 

hibited. Provided only, that it shall not be lawful for them, in any 
time of war between the British government and any other power or 
state whatever, to export from the said territories, without the spe- 
cial permission of the British government there, any military stores, 
or naval stores, or rice. The citizens of the United States shall pay 
for their vessels when admitted into the said ports no other or higher 
tonnage duty, than shall be payable on British vessels, when admit- 
ted into the ports of the United States. And they shall pay no oth- 
er or higher duties or charges, on the importation or exportation of 
the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be payable on the same ar- 
ticles when imported or exported in British vessels. But it is ex- 
pressly agreed, that the vessels of the United States shall not carry 
any of the articles exported by them from the said British territories, 
to any port or place, except to some port or place in America, where 
the same shall be unladen ; and such regulations shall be adopted by 
both parties, as shall from time to time be found necessary to enforce 
the due and faithful observance of this stipulation. It is also under- 
stood, that the permission, granted by this article, is not to extend to 
allow the vessels of the United States to carry on any part of the 
coasting trade of the said British territories ; but vessels going with 
their original cargoes, or part thereof, from any port of discharge to 
another, are not to be considered as carrying on the coasting trade. 
Neither is this article to be construed to allow the citizens of the States 
to settle or reside within the said territories, or to go into the interi- 
or parts thereof, without the permission of the British government es- 
tablished there, and if any transgression should be attempted against 
the regulations of the British government in this respect, the observ- 
ance of the same shall and may be enforced against the citizens of 
America, in the same manner as against the British subjects, or others, 
transgressing the same rule. And the citizens of the United States, 
whenever they arrive in any port or harbour in the said territories, or 
if they should be permitted, in manner aforesaid, to go to any other 
place therein, shall always be subject to the laws, government, and 
jurisdiction of what nature established in such harbour, port, or place, 
according as the same may be. The citizens of the United States 
may also touch for refreshment at the island of St. Helena, but sub- 
ject in all respects to such regulations as the British government may 
from time to time establish there." 



208 

This article expressly provides that the goods exported should not 
be carried to any port or place, " except to some port or place in 
America." It is, however, less explicit as to the outward cargo ; 
and under this article, American vessels with their cargoes went di- 
rectly to the East-Indies, from Europe and other places. The com- 
mercial part of this treaty, as before stated, expired in 1803. Subse- 
quent to its expiration, and until lately, our trade with the British 
East-Indies was suffered to continue on the same footing, as under 
the treaty. In the treaty, however, agreed to by Messrs. Monroe 
and Pinkney, December 31st, 1806, our commissioners found it im- 
possible to obtain stipulations relative to this trade, equally favourable 
to the United States as those in the former treaty. By the third arti- 
cle of this treaty, our trade was limited to vessels " sailing direct 
from the United States ;" in other respects, the article was the same 
as the thirteenth article of Mr. Jay's treaty. The British commis- 
sioners urged, that this limitation was really no more than was in- 
tended by the treaty of 1794 ; and as it was insisted upon, by the 
East-India company, our commissioners were obliged to acquiesce in it. 

Although this treaty was rejected by the President, without even 
submitting it to the Senate, for their advice, yet our East-India trade 
was suffered to continue as before, until April 30th, 1811, when, in 
pursuance of powers vested in them, by an act of parliament passed 
the 37th year of George III. chap. 107, the East-India Company es- 
tablished the following regulations " for the conduct of the trade of 
foreign nations, to the ports and settlements of the British nation in 
the East-Indies, and also for defining the duties to which such trade 
shall be subject," &c. 

" I. Foreign European ships, belonging to any nation having a 
settlement of its own in the East-Indies, and being in amity with his 
Majesty, may freely enter the British sea-ports and harbours in that 
country, whether they come directly from their own country, or from 
any of the ports and places in the East-Indies ; they shall be hospita- 
bly received ; and shall have liberty of trade there in imports and ex- 
ports conformably to the regulations established in such places. The 
ships may also be cleared out for any port or place in the East-Indies : 
but if cleared out for Europe, shall be cleared out direct for the coun- 
try, to which the ships respectively belong. 



209 

"II. First. Foreign European ships, belonging to countries hav- 
ing no establishment in the East-Indies, and ships belonging tfo the 
United States of America, may (when those countries and states re- 
spectively are in amity with his Majesty) in like manner freely en- 
ter the British sea-ports and harbours in the East-Indies; they shall 
be hospitably received there ; and have free liberty to trade in im- 
ports and exports conformably to the regulations of the place ; pro- 
vided always, that they proceed from their own ports direct to the 
said British territories, without touching at any port or place what- 
ever in the voyage out ; except from necessity, and merely to pro- 
cure refreshments, or repairs in case of distress or accident in the 
course of such voyage, the burthen of which necessity to rest on the 
parties. 

" Second. The vessels of the said European powers last aforesaid, 
and of the United States, shall not carry any of the said articles ex- 
ported by them from said British territories, to any port or place, ex- 
cept to some port or place in their own countries respectively, where 
the same shall be unladen. The said ships shall not be cleared out to 
carry on the coasting or country trade in India ; but vessels going 
with their original cargoes, or part thereof, from one British port of 
discharge to another British port, are not to be considered as carrying 
on the coasting trade. 

" Third. The said vessels shall not be allowed to proceed, either 
with or without return cargo, from the said British territories to the 
settlements or territories of any European nation in India, or to the 
territory of any Indian or Chinese potentate or power, except from 
the like necessity as is before described, of which the proof shall rest 
with them. Nor shall the said vessels be allowed to enter the river 
in that part of the British territory situated in Bengal, for any other 
purpose, than that of proceeding to the port of Calcutta, for trade, re- 
freshment, or repairs. 

" Fourth. In clearing out for their respective countries, the clear- 
ance shall be a direct one to the country, European or American, to 
which the vessel belongs, and to no other whatever ; they are to 
give bond, with the security of a resident in the country, that they 
will deliver the cargo at the port for which the clearance is made, 
and such bond is to be cancelled, when a certificate from a British 

27 



210 

consul, or two known British merchants resident at such port is pro- 
duced of the bona fide delivery of the cargo there." 

The regulations with respect to duties were — 

" First. Goods imported or exported in foreign bottoms shall be 
subject to double the amount of the duties payable on goods imported 
or exported in British bottoms. 

" Second. On that principle, goods liable to duty, on importation 
by sea, will be chargeable with duty on their importation in British 
or foreign bottoms respectively, agreeable to the schedule annexed to 
this regulation No. I. 

" Third. Pursuant to the same principle of subjecting the trade of 
foreigners to double duties, they will be precluded from the benefit of 
drawback receivable by British subjects, in cases, in which such 
drawback may be equal to a moiety of the duty paid on importation . 
and in cases in which the drawback receivable by British subjects 
may exceed a moiety of the import duty, the drawback receivable by 
foreigners will be adjusted on a consideration of the ultimate duty 
payable by British subjects agreeably to the schedule No. II. 

" Fourth. In cases in which the drawback receivable by British 
subjects amounts to less than a moiety of the import duty, the foreign 
exporter will be subject to the payment of an additional export duty, 
agreeably to the detailed schedule No. III. 

" Goods imported for re-exportation shall on re-exportation be al- 
lowed a drawback of two thirds of the amount of the duty paid on 
their importation, if exported in British bottoms, and of one third of 
the duty paid on their importation, if exported in foreign bottoms. 

" In cases in which goods shall have paid double duty on importa- 
tion, that is, the enhanced duty ordered to be levied from foreigners, 
a drawback shall be allowed to the exporter of two thirds of such 
duty, whether the goods be exported in foreign or British bottoms ; 
with the exceptions, however, of those goods on the exportation of 
which, a specific rate of drawback is established by the Table annex- 
ed to this regulation." 

By these regulations, American vessels must proceed from their 
own ports direct, to the British East-Indies, without touching at any 
other port in the outward voyage, except from necessity, &c. When 
there, they cannot carry on the coasfing trade, nor can they, either 



211 

with or without a cargo, proceed to the settlements of any other Euro- 
pean nation in India, or to any part of India or to China, nor can they 
go to any place on the River Ganges, except Calcutta. They must 
return direct to some port in the United States, and they are to give 
bond, to deliver their cargo at the port for which their clearance is 
made, and they are likewise subjected to double the duties paid by 
British bottoms. In consequence of these regulations, the owners of 
some American vessels, employed in the East-India trade, were placed 
in a most unfortunate situation. They had given bond in India, to land 
their cargo in some port in the United States ; on their arrival here, 
the non-intercourse law prohibited the landing of the cargo, because 
it came from a British port ; if landed in the United States, the ves- 
sel and cargo were forfeited under the laws of their own country, if 
carried to any other place, the bond given in India was forfeited. 
Thus situated, the owners were obliged to apply to Congress for re- 
lief ; who granted them permission to land their goods, and finally to 
dispose of them, for their own use. 

The exports from the United States to the British East-Indies, have 
been inconsiderable, except in money. The value of the imports for 
each year, from 1795 to 1801, will be seen in Table No. I. before 
mentioned. In the last of these years, the imports amounted to 
$5,134,456. The articles usually imported are cotton goods of va- 
rious kinds, indigo, sugar, spices, &c. In 1807, the value of goods 
paying duties ad valorem, consisting principally of cottons, amounted 
to $4,073,910. 

The charter of the East-India company has lately been renewed 
and extended to the 10th of April, 1834. The trade, however, to In- 
dia has been laid open to British subjects generally, under certain re- 
gulations, from the 10th day of April, 1814. These regulations, or 
the most important of them, are stated by professor Hamilton, in his 
enquiry concerning the national debt of Great-Britain, to be as fol- 
lows : " That no vessel shall proceed on private trade to India, 
without a license from the directors, which shall be granted, on appli- 
cation, of course, to the principal settlements of Fort William, Fort 
George, Bombay, or Prince of Wales Island ; but no vessel may fit 
out to other places, unless specially authorized ; and in case the di- 
rectors refuse to grant such special license, the board of control shall 



212 

ultimately determine in regard to the same. That no vessel under 
one hundred and fifty tons shall be employed. That goods imported 
in private trade shall be brought to some port in the United Kingdom, 
which shall have been declared fit for that purpose by order in coun- 
cil. That the importation of articles of silk and cotton manufacture, 
for home consumption, shall be confined to the port of London, and 
the goods deposited in the company's ware-houses there. And the 
importation of tea, in private trade, is prohibited without license from 
the company. The company retain, till 10th of April. 1834, the gov- 
ernment and revenue of their territorial acquisitions subject to the 
regulation of the board of control, and the exclusive trade to China, 
and may trade as a corporation to India, in common with his Majes- 
ty's other subjects." 

By the third article of the commercial convention of 1815, the in- 
tercourse between the United States and the British East-Indies, is 
regulated as follows : 

" His Britannic Majesty agrees, that the vessels of the United 
States of America shall be admitted, and hospitably received at the 
principal settlements of the British dominions in the East-Indies, vi- 
delicet ; Calcutta, Madrass, Bombay, and Prince of Wales Island ; 
and that the citizens of the said United States may freely carry on 
trade between the said principal settlements, and the said United 
States, in all articles of which the importation and exportation, res- 
pectively, to and from said territories, shall not be entirely prohibit- 
ed ; provided only, that it shall not be lawful for them, in any time of 
war between the British government, and any state or power whatev- 
er, to export from the said territories, without the special permission 
of the British government, any military stores, or naval stores, or rice. 
The citizens of the United States shall pay for their vessels, when ad- 
mitted, no higher or other duty, or charge, than shall be payable on the 
vessels of the most favoured European nations, and they shall pay 
no higher, or other duties, or charges, on the importation or exporta- 
tion of the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be payable on the 
same articles, when imported or exported in the vessels of the most fa- 
voured European nations. 

" But it is expressly agreed, that the vessels of the United States, 
shall not carry any articles from the said principal settlements, to 



213 

any port or place, except to some port or place in the United State,* 
of America, where the same shall be unladen. 

" It is also understood, that the permission granted by this article 
is not to extend to allow the vessels of the United States, to carry on 
any part of the coasting trade, of the said British territories ; but the 
vessels of the United States, having, in the first instance, proceeded 
to one of the said principal settlements of the British dominions in 
the East-Indies, and then going with their original cargoes, or part 
thereof, from one of the said principal settlements to another, shall not 
be considered as carrying on the coasting trade. The vessels of the 
United States may also touch for refreshment, but not for commerce, 
in the course of their voyage to or from the British territories in India, 
or to or from the dominions of the Emperor of China, at the Cape 
of Good-Hope, the Island of St. Helena, or such other places as may 
be in the possession of Great-Britain, in the African, or Indian 
■*eas ; it being well understood, that in all that regards this article, 
the citizens of the United States shall be subject, in all respects, to 
the laws and regulations of the British government, from time to time 
established." 

It will be perceived, that, by this article, the citizens of the United 
States are confined to the four principal settlements in India, being 
the same, to which British subjects generally are permitted to go, by 
the late extension of the charter of the East-India company. 

It is understood, that American vessels can go to these settlements 
from Europe, but must return with their cargoes, direct to some port 
or place in the United States, and there unlade. 

The tonnage, and other duties payable by American vessels, are, 
by this article, to be the same, as those paid by the most favoured 
European nations. These duties, particularly these on goods im- 
ported and exported by the regulations of April 30th, 1811, before 
recited, were double those payable by British vessels ; as goods im- 
ported or exported in all foreign bottoms were, by these regulations, 
" subject to double the amount of the duties payable on goods im- 
ported or exported in British bottoms." As all foreigners were plac- 
ed, in respect to duties on imports and exports, on the same footing, 
no one European nation was more favoured than another. We have 
not been able to learn, whether, since that period, any European na- 



2U 

lion, with respect to duties, has been favoured more than another. 
By Mr. Jay's treaty, American vessels were to pay no other or higher 
tonnage duties, in the British East-Indies, than were payable by Bri- 
tish vessels, in the ports of the United States, and on the importation 
and exportation of articles, American vessels were to pay no other or 
higher duties, than were payable on the same articles, when imported 
or exported in British vessels. 

With respect to the late acquisitions of Great-Britain, in the Afri- 
can or Indian seas, including the Cape of Good-Hope, American ves- 
sels are, by the convention, only permitted to touch at these for re- 
freshment, but not for commerce, while on their voyages to and from 
the four principal settlements in the British East-Indies, or to and 
from China. 

III. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. 

The American trade with the British West-India islands, both be- 
fore and since the war of the revolution, has been very great. 

Large quantities of our lumber, fish, flour, beef, pork, horses, live 
cattle, indian corn and meal, peas, beans, &c. &c. have found a mar- 
ket in these islands. 

Since the peace of 1783, the United States and Great-Britain have 
not formed any conventional arrangement, relative to this trade. By 
the provisions of the bill introduced into Parliament, in the winter of 
1783, for the temporary regulation of the commerce, between the two 
countries, American vessels were to be admitted into the ports of the 
British West-Indies, with the produce of the United States, with lib- 
erty to export to the United States, any merchandize, or goods what- 
soever, subject only to the same duties, as they would be subject to, 
in British bottoms. 

This bill, from the opposition made to it, was lost, and the power 
of regulating this trade was left with the King and Council, as we 
have before stated ; and by an order in council of the 26th of De- 
cember, 1783, American vessels were excluded from the British 
West-Indies. 

British vessels were permitted to import into the islands, from the 
United States, pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yard* 



215 

and bowsprits, staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other 
species of lumber ; horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, and all 
other species oflive stock and live provisions ; peas, beans, potatoes, 
wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice, oats, barley, and all other species of 
grain, the same being the growth, or production of the United States ; 
and to export to the United States, rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, cocoa- 
nuts, ginger, and pimento, upon payment of the same duties, and un- 
der the same restrictions, as though exported to any British Colony or 
Plantation in America. 

By the 12th article of Mr. Jay's treaty, American vessels " not 
being above the burthen of seventy tons" were placed on the same 
footing with British vessels, in respect to the trade of the United 
States with the British West-Indies, with a proviso, that they were 
not to carry molasses, sugar, coffee, cocoa, or cotton to any part of 
the world, except the United States, either from the islands, or from 
the United States. This article was not agreed to, on the part of the 
United States, and the treaty was ratified by both governments with- 
eut it. In 1806, the plenipotentiaries of the United States negotiated 
a commercial treaty with Great-Britain, but were unable to make 
any arrangement, relative to the West-India trade. 

The difficulty, however, of supplying the West-India Islands, du- 
ring the late wars in Europe, rendered it necessary for the British 
government to open their ports to American vessels, almost every 
year, for certain limited periods. This was done by proclamation 
directly from the Governours of the islands, until 1806, when an act 
of Parliament was passed on the subject, called the American inter- 
course bill ; since that period, proclamations for opening the ports 
have originated with the King and Council ; but beef, pork, and fish, 
have been excluded, since that time, either in American or Brittish 
bottoms. 

In the commercial convention of 1815, no arrangement relative to 
the intercourse between the United States and the British possessions 
in the West-Indies, and on the continent of North-America, was made, 
but each party was to remain in complete possession of its rights, 
with respect to such intercourse ; and the British government 
have, since the peace in Europe, again returned to their old system of 
colonial policy. The present state of our West-India trade, and with 



^16 

the British North American Colonies, will be given hereafter in Chap- 
ter VII. 

The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, was as 
fellows : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value — Dolls. 


Value — Dolls. 


1795 


2,634,664 


6,426,091 


1796 


5,446,559 


6,301,534 


1797 


2,147,025 


3,045,045 


1798 


4,283,940 


2,925,739 


1799 


6,285,254 


6,083,372 


1800 


6,404,785 


5,774,411 


1801 


9,699,722 


6,968,032 



During the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, the value of the exports 
and imports, as appears by the foregoing statements of the Secretary 
of the Treasury, was as follows, viz. — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls, 


1802 


6,228,464 


4,486,890 


1803 


5,624,647 


4,492,861 


1804 


6,315,667 


4,739,186 



The quantity, as well as the value of the principal articles, export- 
ed and imported, for each of the said years, are ascertained in Tables 
Nos. IX. and X. taken from the same statements of the Secretary of 
the Treasury, together with the amount of duties paid on the imports. 

During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the value of the exports 
and imports was nearly the same, as in the preceding years. The 
value of our exports to the British West-Indies, while their ports were 
open to our vessels, generally exceeded our imports ; and as the value 
of the former is estimated at the place of exportation, and of the lat- 
ter at the place of importation, the real difference is much greater 
than appears by our custom-house books. Most of the articles ex- 



217 

ported are bulky, and the amount of freight and insurance for some 
of them, particularly lumber and live stock, is equal to the first cost. 
The freight and charges, also, of the articles imported make no incon- 
siderable part of their value, in this country. 

As our own ships were principally employed in this trade, the pro- 
fits and advantages, arising from these sources, were chiefly confined 
to the American merchant. 

The American tonnage, employed in this trade on an average of 
the years 1799, 1800, and 1801, was one hundred and thirty-one thou- 
sand one hundred and twenty-three. 

A great proportion of our lumber has gone to these islands. The 
average quantity of staves and heading sent there in the years 1805, 
1806, and 1807, was seventeen millions six hundred and fourteen 
thousand, being nearly one half of the whole quantity exported during 
these years. The quantity of boards and plank, for the same years, 
on an average, was about forty millions. In 1803, two hundred sixty 
thousand five hundred and fifty-five, and in 1807, two hundred fifty- 
one thousand seven hundred and six barrels of flour were exported to 
these islands. 

The value of flour, bread, and biscuit exported, on an average of 
the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions of dollars ; 
of lumber of all kinds about one million ; of beef, pork, bacon, and 
lard about eight hundred thousand dollars ; and of indian corn, rye, 
and indian meal about six hundred thousand. The quantity of 
rum imported, during the same period, was about four millions of 
gallons annually, and was valued at about two and a half millions of 
dollars. The quantity imported, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, 
was about four millions six hundred and fourteen thousand gallons an- 
nually. 

Opinions have been advanced, with no small share of confidence, 
by some British writers, that their West-India Islands could be sup- 
plied with lumber and provisions from their North-American Colonies. 
Experience, however, has not confirmed these opinions. Until the 
adoption of commercial restrictions by the United States, a small part 
only of the lumber and provisions imported into the British West-In- 
dies, came from the British North-American Colonies. The amount 
'>f the principal articles of provisions and lumber, imported from dif- 

28 



^18 

ferent parts of the world, on an- average of the years 1804, 1805, and 
1006, was as follows : — * 





From the U. British G. Britain & Other 




States. ] 


provinces. 


Ireland, countries. 


Flour, meal and bread, 


cwt. 463,505 


2,789 


34,495 7,667 


Corn, viz. indian corn, ) 
oats, peas, beans, &c. $ 


bshls. 406,189 


3,276 


183,168 4,432 


Rice, 


bbls. 11,740 


6 


50 139 


Pork and beef, 


do. 54,114 


1,642 


54,571 385 


Fish, dry cod,&c. 


cwt. 138,484 


101,692 


3,302 3,298 


Do. salt or pickled, 


bbls. 38,171 


27,800 


57,698 991 


Butter, 


firkins, 8,050 


204 


49,818 80 


Cows and oxen, 


4,145 


3 


8 1,123 


Sheep and hogs, - 


- 3,484 


44 


- - 314 


Oak and pine boards ) 
and timber, $ 


feet, 39,022,997 


942,122 


- - 101,330 


Staves, - pieces, 17,605,687 


525,026 


- - 264.500 


Shingles, 


43,051,704 332,925 


- - 13,000 



While the United States furnished more than four hundred sixty- 
three thousand hundred weight of flour, meal, and biscuit, the British 
provinces furnished only two thousand seven hundred and eighty - 
nine hundred weight; and of indian corn, oats, &c. the British prov- 
inces furnished only three thousand two hundred and seventy-six 
bushels, and of beef and pork, but one thousand six hundred and for- 
ty-two barrels, and of lumber not a million feet of boards and timber. 
Indeed, from this account, given by a late British writer, who is very 
far from being friendly to the United States, it appears, that, during 
the years 1804, 1805, and 1806, the United States supplied the Brit- 
ish West-India Islands with more than nine tenths of their flour, meal, 
and bread, about two thirds of their indian corn, oats, peas, and 
beans, about one half of their beef and pork, more than one half of 
their dried fish, and nearly the whole of their live stock and lumber. 

* See a view of the importance of the British American Colonies, by Da- 
vid Anderson, printed in 1814. 



219 

During the continuance of American commercial restrictions, the 
trade of the British Provinces increased, particularly in the article of 
lumber. It is stated by Mr. Anderson, that the total value of ex- 
ports from Quebec, in 1806, was £551,570 6s. 3d. sterling, and that 
in 1810, the exports amounted to £1,079,474 lis. 6d. making a 
difference of £527,904 5s. 3d. The value of lumber exported in 
1806, is stated at £110,740 lis. 6d. and in 1810, at £505,689 
15s. 6d. a difference of £394,949 4s. Od. 

There was, also, in 1810, an increase, in the exports of grain, pro- 
visions, and pot and pearl-ashes, and a diminution, in the exports of 
furs and skins. There is no doubt, that many of the articles, exported 
in 1810, found their way into Canada from the United States, not- 
withstanding the prohibition of all intercourse, between the two coun- 
tries, during a great^part of that year. And it is well known, that 
many American citizens, particularly those who had been engaged in 
the lumber trade, deprived of employment, at home, went to Canada 
and New-Brunswick, and were employed in procuring lumber, in 
those provinces : and it will be fortunate, for the United States, if 
their own citizens have not taught their neighbours, how to become 
their rivals in this trade.* 

TRADE WITH FRANCE AND DEPENDENCIES. 

I. WITH FRANCE. 

The trade of the United States with France and her dependencies 

* Mr. Anderson is obliged to admit, that the Canadians have had the as- 
sistance of the Americans, in procuring lumber. " The American embargo 
(says he) and the continental system have, ever since 1807, produced an ex- 
traordinary demand, in Canada, both for lumber, and flour. This great de- 
mand, for fish and lumber, has been completely answered." For the British 
American forests producing timber in abundance, and " the population of 
these provinces being sufficiently numerous to bring it to market, (at least 
with the assistance of the Jlmericans,) the greatest demand for that article* 
therefore, which has ever occurred in the British colonies, has been abun- 
dantly answered." And he adds, " the late prohibitory laws of the United 
States have done a very essential service to the British American provin- 
ces, in putting an end to the absurd practice of alternately shutting and open- 
ing the ports of our West-Indian Islands to the Americans." 



220 

in 1787, is stated by Monsieur Peuchet, in his statistics of France, to 
have been as follows : — 

Exports to the United States from France and dependencies, in 

Livres. 
Coffee, sugar, rum, syrup, salt, olive oil, fruits, bran- 
dy, wine, and liqueurs, amounted to - 10,675,000 
Cotton, drugs, &c. to - - - 694,000 
Stuffs, laces, silk, hosiery, linen, cambric, soap, 

gloves, gun-powder, glass-ware, and hard-ware, to 1,238,000 



Livres, 12,607,000 
or about $2,500,000. 

Imports into France and dependencies, in 

Livres. 
Grain, fish, and bread stuffs, amounted to - 4,483,000 

Boards, timber, staves, live stock, fish oil, peltry, 

pitch and tar, pot-ash, linseed, and tobacco, to 19,283,000 
Manufactures introduced into the colonies, to - 547,000 

Negroes, . - . 226,000 



Livres, 24,539,000 
or about $5,000,000, 

Livres. 
For three years preceding the French revolution, 
the average amount of imports from the United 
States, into France, alone, was estimated at - 9,600,000 
or about $1,520,000. 

And the exports from France to the United States, 

at, 1,800,000 

or about $360,000.* 

* Arthur Young's Travels in France. 



l 22i 

The small amount of this trade, particularly of exports, disappoint- 
ed the expectations of the French government, and Monsieur Arnould,* 
referring to this balance against France, says — 

" Voila, done pour France le ne plus ultra d'un commerce, dont 
Tespoir a pu contribuer, a faire sacrifier quelques centaines de mil- 
lions, et plusieurs generations d'hommes."! 

In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of 
State, our exports to France, and her dependencies, amounted to 
$4,698,735, and our imports to $2,068,348. What proportion of 
this trade was with France, or with her dependencies, does not ap- 
pear, probably more than one half with the latter. 

The articles of domestic produce, usually exported to France, are 
cotton, tobacco, rice, dried fish, whale and spermaceti oil, pot and 
pearl-ashes, naval stores, &c. and those of foreign produce, during the 
late wars in Europe, consisted, principally, of sugar and coffee, with 
some teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices. 

The principal articles imported are wines, brandies, silks, olive oil, 
and jewellery of all kinds. 

The exports and imports, from 1795 to 1801, were as follows, 
viz. : — 







Exports. 




Imports. 






Dolls. 




Dolls. 


1795 


- 


7,698,683 


- 


3,671,331 


1796 


- 


3,171,759 


- 


T,835,066 


1797 


- 


3,825,231 


- 


3,045,796 


1798 


- 


1,476,588 


- 


1,371,727 


1799 


- 


- 


- 


901,018 


1800 


- 


40,400 


- 


74,228 


1801 


- 


3,985,292 


- 


1,013,690 



* De la balance du commerce, 1791. 

f Such was the utmost extent of a commerce, to secure which, France sa- 
crificed hundreds of millions oflivres and vast numbers of men. 



222 

And the value of domestic and foreign produce, exported from 1804 
to 1816, was— 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


3804 '- 


3,219,112 


5,604,942 


1805 


3,079,862 


9,885,602 


1806 


3,226,698 


8,197,694 


1807 


2,715,141 


10,315,678 


1808 


708,670 


2,126,396 


1809 


. 


i 


1810 


16,782 


1,672 


1811 


673,708 


1,119,302 


1812 


402,803 


2,435,218 


1813 


1,780,291 


2,296,453 


1814 


286,429 


30,018 


1815 


5,033,084 


1,853,859 


1816 


- ,7,352,676 


2,222,660 



The quantity of wines and brandies, imported from France in 1802, 
7803, 1804, and 1807, was as follows, viz. :— 





Wines. 


Brandies. 




gallons. 


gallons. 


1802 


1,084,640 


478,579 


1803 


337,534 


1,039,222 


1804 


2,149,344 


2,073,809 


1807 


3,185,923 


2,867,584 



The quantity of cotton exported to France, from 1800 to 1816, is 
contained in the preceding chapter. 

The quantity of tobacco exported during the same period, was — 

Tobacco, 
hhds. 

1800 - - - - 143 

1801 - - - - - 5,006 



223 

Tobacco, 
hhds. 

1802 .... 16,216 

1803 ----- 9,815 

1804 .... 14,623 

1805 12,135 

1806 - - - - 9,182 

1807 2,876 

1808 ... - 566 

1809 - 

1810 .... 

1811 '----- 569 

1812 - \ - - 142 

1813 ----- 188 

1814 - 

1815 - - - - 2,843 

1816 - - - 4,076 

In some years before the commencement of our commercial restric- 
tions, the value of exports of foreign produce to France was much 
greater than that of our domestic produce, and was principally in su- 
gar and coffee. The quantity of each of these articles, shipped to 
France in 1807, is contained in the preceding chapter, and the quan- 
tity for each year, from 1800 to 1816, may be seen in the foregoing 
Tables. 

TRADE WITH THE FRENCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. 

France formerly possessed some of the most valuable islands in 
the West- Indies. The French part of St. Domingo is extremely fer- 
tile, and, before the troubles among the blacks, produced vast quanti- 
ties of sugar and coffee. In 1786, the imports into France, from all 
her West-India Colonies, amounted to 174,831,000 livres, or about 
thirty -five millions of dollars ; of this, the imports from St. Domingo 
alone amounted to 131,481,000 livres, or about twenty-six millions 
of dollars. No less than one hundred seventy-four millions two hun- 



224 

dred and twenty thousand pounds of sugar, and sixty-six millions two 
hundred and thirty-one thousand pounds of coffee, were imported into 
France from her West-India possessions in 1786 ; and this trade em- 
ployed five hundred and sixty-nine ships of one hundred sixty-two 
thousand three hundred and eleven tons. On the 30th of August, 
1784, the intercourse between the United States and the French 
West-Indies was regulated by an arret of the French government. 

American vessels, of at least sixty tons, were admitted into certain 
ports in the French West-India islands, loaded with timber of all 
kinds, dye-woods, live stock, salt beef, (but not salt pork) salt fish, rice, 
legumes, raw oi^ untanned hides, peltry, rosin, pitch and tar, and to 
dispose of their cargoes ; and were allowed to bring away only rum 
and molasses, and goods brought from France, on paying the local 
duties, and one per cent, ad valorem, on all imports and exports. A 
further duty, however, of three livres was imposed upon every quin- 
tal (of 100 weight) of salt beef, cod, or other dried fish, in order to 
form a fund for premiums, to be given on cod and other fish from the 
French fisheries ; but salt meat, from France, was not subject to this 
duty. The colonial legislatures, however, were authorized, in times 
of scarcity, to suspend the operation of this law. During the late 
wars in Europe, and the unsettled state of France, the French West- 
India Islands have been, generally, open to Americans for most arti- 
cles either of export or import. 

Before the French revolution, the national policy of France and 
Great-Britain was manifest, in their different regulations with respect 
to the trade between the United States and their West-India posses- 
sions. 

With respect to exports from the United States, both nations admit- 
ted lumber of all kinds, live provisions, vegetables, rice, pitch, and 
tar, because neither could easily supply their islands with these arti- 
cles. Great-Britain excluded American beef, pork, and dried fish. 
France admitted American beef and dried cod-fish, but subject to an 
additional duty of three livres on every quintal of each, to encourage 
her own fisheries. Great-Britain admitted flour, bread, biscuit, and 
all kinds ofgrain, while France excluded, by a general law, flour, and 
all kinds of grain, except indian corn. 



225 

With respect to imports from the islands, France allowed only 
rum and molasses to be carried to the United States ; while Great- 
Britain allowed not only rum and molasses to be carried, but sugar, 
coffee, cocoa nuts, ginger, and pimento ; the latter, however, confin- 
ed the carriage both of the exports and imports to her own vessels, 
as a means of increasing her naval power, and the former, having 
few ships of her own, permitted the exports and imports in American 
vessels. The policy of Britain was to monopolize the carriage of the 
articles, that of France to monopolize the articles themselves. 

Great-Britain was willing the United States should have their sugar 
and coffee, on condition that British ships might be the carriers ; 
France, on the other hand, was willing American vessels should sup- 
ply her sugar and coffee plantations, with certain productions which 
she was unable to furnish herself, but would not allow them to receive 
in return the most valuable productions of those plantations ; these 
she reserved for her own consumption at home> and to augment her 
own national wealth. 

During the late wars between England and France, the latter was 
stripped of her West-India islands. The late general peace, however, 
restored them to the Bourbons, with the exception of the small islands 
of Tobago, and St. Lucie, which were retained by the British. 
Since their restoration, the French government have again returned 
to their old system of policy, with respect to their West-India pos- 
sessions. See some account of their late regulations on this subject, 
in Chapter VII. 

About the year 1786, the whole imports into these islands, from all 
foreign countries, amounted to 20,878,000 livers, and the exports to 
the same countries, to 14,132,000 livres ; of the imports 13,065,000 
were from the United States, which received in return 7,263,000 of 
the exports. The American tonnage employed in this trade, in the 
same year, was one hundred five thousand and ninety-five. 

Since the French revolution in 1789, and during the late wars in 
Europe, and until the capture of these islands by the English, the 
American trade with them increased. 

29 



226 

The value of exports and imports of all kinds to and from these isl- 
ands, from 1795 to 1801, was as follows, viz. : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


4,954,952 


15,751,758 


1796 


8,408,946 


15,743,774 


1797 


8,565,053 


14,030,337 


1798 


5,344,690 


15,380,091 


1799 


2,776,604 


2,022,929 


1800 


5,123,433 


9,385,111 


1801 


7,147,972 


13,593,255 



The value of the exports to the French West-Indies and American 
Colonies, from 1804 to 1816, while in the possession of France, was 
as follows, viz. : — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1804 


1,742,368 


1,867,522 


1805 


2,876,384 


4,455,599 


1806 


2,770,372 


3,975,112 


1807 


2,901,516 


2,968,816 


1814 


165,232 


12,947 


1815 


1,520,476 


284,563 


1816 


1,483,891 


773,420 



About the year 1807, the whole of the French West-India Islands, 
(except St. Domingo, in the possession of the blacks.) were in the 
possession of the English, and so continued, until their restoration to 
France, at the general peace in Europe. 

TRADE WITH SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AND THEIR DEPENDENCIES. 
I. WITH SPAIN. 

The exports of domestic produce to Spain have consisted, princi- 
pally, offish, flour, whale oil, rice, tobacco, &c. ; those of foreign 



227 



produce, while she was engaged in the late wars in Europe, consist- 
ed of cocoa, coffee, sugar, pepper, and other spices. Our imports are 
principally brandies, wines, fruits of various kinds, salt, and of late 
years, sheep. 

The exports and imports, from 1795 to 1801, were as follows, viz : — 







Exports. 






Value — dolls. 


1795 


- 


2,252,754 


1796 


- 


1,324,060 


1797 


- 


1,812,558 


1798 


- 


2,274,223 


1799 


- 


4,237,954 


1800 


- 


4,743,678 


1801 


- 


2,865,101 



Imports. 
Value — dolls. 

1,232,844 
1,521,081 
1,333,056 
984,057 
2,576,988 
3,360,582 
2,876,974 



From 1804 to 1816, the exports were- 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value— dolls. 


Value— dolls. 


1804 


2,304,193 


597,143 


1805 


2,327,155 


1,656,312 


1806 


1,363,273 


1,758,954 


1807 


1,181,231 


3,547,907 


1808 


541,378 


901,003 


1809 


1,289,220 


1,290,003 


1810 


3,488,951 


1,218,601 


1811 


3,963,263 


297,454 


1812 


4,567,754 


140,711 


1813 


6,532,101 


40,905 


1814 


57,750 


1,882 


1815 


1,109,674 


160,890 


1816 


1,892,155 


313,092 



228 

The quantity of nines and brandies imported, in 1802, 1803,. 
1804, and in 1807, was as follows : — 







Wines. 




Brandies. 






Gallons. 




Gallons. 


1802 


- 


955,557 


- 


518,918 


1803 


- 


790,561 


- 


681,851 


1804 


- 


786,003 


- 


850,654 


1807 


- 


693,056 


- 


548,934 



The great increase of our exports of domestic produce to Spain, 
since 1809, was occasioned, as we have before stated, by the inva- 
sion of that country by Bonaparte, and the great demand for our 
grain and provisions, to support the allied armies. 

II. WITH THE SPANISH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES. 

During the late European wars, our trade with the Spanish West- 
Indies and American Colonies greatly increased. We were the car- 
riers of the rich products of the Spanish islands, and we also supplied 
them, to a great extent, with the manufactures of Europe. The 
amount and increase of this trade, from 1795 to 1801, will appear 
from the following amount of exports and imports during that peri- 
od :— 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— dolls. 


Value— dolls 


1795 


1,389,219 


1,739,138 


1796 


1,821,347 


1,718,026 


1797 


3,595,519 


4,123,362 


1798 


5,082,127 


8,139,169 


1799 


8,993,401 


10,974,295 


1800 


8,270,400 


10,587,566 


1801 


8,437,659 


12,799,878 



229 

The exports of domestic and foreign produce to the Spanish West- 
Indies and American Colonies, from 1804 to 1816, were as fol- 
lows :* — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value— dolls, 


Value— dolls. 


1804 


1,725,662 


1,176,998 


1805 


2,806,112 


4,884,7~6 


1806 


2,391,172 


8,476,061 


1807 


2,470,472 


9,870,753 


1808 


631,086 


3,545,967 


1809 


3,352,271 


3,333,346 


1810 


3,182,318 


3,604,791 


1811 


3,606,510 


3,973,099 


1812 


2,640,502 


1,331,638 


1813 


2,809,705 


183,549 


1814 


1,971,886 


48,408 


1815 


2,832,828 


866,048 


1816 


2,732,226 


3,048,386 



The United States have disputes with Spain, yet unsettled, par- 
ticularly with respect to former spoliations on their commerce, and 
with respect to the Floridas, and the western boundaries of Louisiana. 
New disputes have also arisen out of the present revolutionary state 
of the Spanish American Colonies. While these disputes continue, 
no permanent commercial arrangements can be expected between the 
two countries. It is, however, of no small importance to the United 
States, that these disputes should be adjusted, and that a good under- 
standing and free commercial intercourse should subsist between them 
and the Spanish West-Indies and American possessions. It is from 

* We would here remark, that the accounts of our trade with the West- 
India Islands belonging to Spain, as well as to the other European nations, are 
taken from the custom-house books, which shew the destination of the ar- 
ticles exported, from the clearance of the vessels : as, however, vessels of- 
ten go to other ports, or islands, than those for which they have cleared, and 
as some vessels take clearances for the West-Indies, generally, the accounts 
cannot be considered perfectly accurate. 



230 

this quarter that the United States obtain large quantities of the pre- 
cious metals, by which they are enabled to carry on a trade with 
China and the East-Indies, as well as to pay the balances due, in 
Europe and elsewhere. The jealousy of the Spanish government has 
hitherto excluded foreigners, from much intercourse with their South- 
American Colonies, and prevented them from obtaining much infor- 
mation, relative to the interior of that part of the world. The late 
travels, however, of Baron Humboldt, through the different parts of 
South-America, and of New-Spain, afford much valuable information 
as to the population, wealth, and resources of those extensive coun- 
tries ; and it is hoped, that, whether these Provinces continue de- 
pendent on old. Spain, or become independent, a more liberal and en- 
lightened policy will be pursued, in their intercourse with foreign na- 
tions ; and that the United States will not fail to pursue their true in- 
terest in cultivating a good understanding with them. 

II. PORTUGAL. 

To Portugal and the island of Madeira, we usually export wheat, 
flour, corn, rice, dried fish, some whale oil, soap, and staves and 
heading ; and we import from thence, principally, wines, fruit, and 
salt. Since the invasion of Portugal by the French, our exports of 
flour to that country have been very great, as we have before stated. 

The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, was as 

follows : — 







Exports. 




Imports. 






Dolls. 




Dolls. 


1795 


- 


594,801 


- 


1,032,339 


1796 


- 


142,567 


- 


1,298,832 


1797 


- 


229,750 


- 


1,338,877 


1798 


- 


286,781 


- 


918,443 


1799 


- 


538,662 


- 


962,909 


1800 


- 


448,548 


- 


787,037 


1801 


- 


1,139,377 


- 


645,111 



231 



The following is the value of the exports to, and imports from, the 
Island of Madeira, for the same period : — 







Exports. 






Dolls. 


1795 


- 


133,476 


1796 


- 


213,785 


1797 


- 


191,627 


1798 


- 


333,425 


1799 


- 


203,185 


1800 


- 


522,728 


1801 


- 


528,344 



Imports. 
Dolls. 

917,260 
562,682 
662,248 
334,122 
163,870 
375,219 
514,791 



The exports to Portugal from 1804 to 1816, were — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1804 


1,282,169 


190,716 


1805 


508,284 


851,647 


1806 


920,841 


857,050 


1807 


829,313 


159,173 


1808 


342,277 


- 


1809 


1,629,709 


151,426 


1810 


2,664,121 


121,578 


1811 


8,445,827 _ - 


130,726 


1812 


7,729,997 


45,043 


1813 


9,992,012 


7,275 


1814 


396,548 


540 


1815 


1,176,079 


2,996 


1816 


1,237,587 


15,158 



During the continuance of the American non-intercourse acts, there 
were shipped to Madeira, Fayal, and the other Azores, various arti- 
cles ultimately destined to Great-Britain, and other parts of Europe. 
In 1809, the value of domestic produce, principally cotton, shipped 
to Madeira, was $2,336,656, and to Fayal and the other Azores. 
#2,926,482. 



232 

Since the removal of the Portuguese government to the Brazils, 
our trade with Portuguese America has increased. In 1807, we ex- 
ported to the Brazils, and the other Portuguese American Colonies, 
to the value of about five thousand dollars. 

From 1809 to 1816, the value of exports to those countries was as 
follows : — 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce. 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls. 


1809 


540,653 


343,082 


1810 


721,899 


889,839 


1811 


621,417 


1,027,931 


1812 


426,982 • - 


319,641 


1813 


137,821 


20,528 


1814 


74,109 


11,897 


1815 


262,369 


98,437 


1816 


262,489 


150,920 



TRADE WITH RUSSIA, SWEDEN, DENMARK, HAMBURGH, AND THE NORTH 

OF EUROPE. 

With Russia, the trade of the United States has been increasing for 
some years, and the importance of that country, in a commercial as 
well as political point of view, has lately induced the government 
of the United States to send a minister plenipotentiary to the Russian 
court, and to receive from them a minister of equal grade. Until 
lately, the amount of our exports to Russia has been very small, 
though our imports were considerable. 

From 1795 to 1801, the value of exports and imports has been 
thus estimated : — 





Exports 


Imports. 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls. 


1795 


69,221 


1,168,715 


1796 


47,381 


1,382,97? 



233 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls. 


1797 


3,450 


1,418,418 


1798 


60,030 


1,067,152 


1799 


46,030 


1,274,913 


1800 


- - 


1,524,995 


1801 


9,136 


1,672,059 



From 1805 to 1816, the value of domestic and foreign articles, ex- 
ported to Russia, was as follows : — 







Domestic. 




Foreign. 






Dolls. 




Dolls. 


1805 


- 


12,044 


- 


59,328 


1806 


- 


3,580 


- 


8,827 


1807 


- 


78,850 


- 


366,367 


1808 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1809 


- 


146,462 


- 


737,799 


1810 


- 


1,048,762 


- 


2,926,936 


1811 


- 


1,630,499 


- 


4,507,158 


1812 


- 


156,980 


- 


1,586,617 


1813 


- 


50,400 


- 


750 


1814 


- 


460 


- 


- 


1815 


- 


248,047 


- 


326,502 


1816 


- 


181,101 


- 


525,783 



The principal article of domestic produce exported to this country 
in 1809, 1810, and 1811, was cotton; very little, if any, of which 
was, prior to this period, ever exported to that country. In 1809, 
six hundred twenty-five thousand one hundred and twelve pounds, in 
1810, three millions seven hundred sixty-nine thousand one hun- 
dred and thirty-seven pounds, and in 1811, no less than nine millions 
three hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty -nine 
pounds of cotton, were shipped to Russia. In 1810, there were also 
shipped to Russia, from the United States, five thousand two hundred 
and seventy tierces of rice, one thousand four hundred and sixty-two 
hogsheads of tobacco, four thousand five hundred and thirty-six gal- 

30 



234 

Ions of spirits from grain, and one hundred twenty-four thousand one 
hundred and forty-eight gallons of spirits from molasses. The arti- 
cles of domestic produce shipped to Russia, in 1815 and 1816, were 
chiefly cotton and rice. The principal articles of foreign produce 
exported to Russia have been sugar and coffee, with some pepper, 
tea, and cocoa. 

The following is the quantity of those articles, shipped in the year? 
1809, 1810, and 1811. 

Coffee. Sugar brown. Sugar clayed, Pepper. Cocoa, Teas. 







and white. 






lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. lbs. 


1809 - 1,283,100 

1810 - 4,048,909 • 

1811 - 5,113,891 ■ 


- 1,271,180 • 

- 6,139,529 

• 4,408,289 • 


- 922,077 - 

- 5,257,366 - 
■ 10,200,139 - 


138,333 - 

1,252,085 • 

369,409 - 


- 40,216 
■ 80,005- 17,011 
• 446,734 - 254,570 



The articles usually imported from Russia are iron, hemp, cord- 
age, duck, and various kinds of cloth made of hemp and flax, such as 
drillings, diapers, broad and narrow tickings, sheetings, &.c. Table 
No. XI. taken from Russian accounts,* contains the quantity of the 
various articles exported from St. Petersburgh, to the United States, 
from the year 1783 to 1805, together with the number of American 
ships employed in the trade with that port in each year, and shews 
the progressive increase of the American trade with that country dur- 
ing that period. 

The average amount of goods paying duties according to their val- 
ue, and which included iron, and all goods made of hemp, or flax, 
during the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was $1,302,217. In 1807, 
1810, and 1811. the amount of goods, paying the same duties, was as 
follows : — 

Dolls. 
1807 .... 1,804,860 

1810 ----- 1,587,784 

1811 - - - - 3,049,033 

* See Oddy's European Commerce, page 125, vol. i. 



235 

The average quantity of hemp exported from Russia, in the years 
1802, 1803, and 1804, was eighty-eight thousand eight hundred and 
thirty hundred weight, the average value of which was $779,473. 
The quantity of hemp, cordage tarred and untarred, and cables, im- 
ported during the years 1807, 1810, and 181 1, was as follows, viz : — 

Hemp. Cordage tar'd. Cordage untar'd. Cables. 





cwt. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1807 - 


■ 135,775 - 


1,007,780 - 


6,843 - 


■ 57,579 


1810 ■ 


■ 53,148 - 


137,304 - 


- 


30,469 


1811 ■ 


• 205,853 - 


589,944 • 


• 34,806 - 


108,685 



Our trade with Russia, in the year 1811, was much greater than 
in any preceding year ; the ships which carried out large quantities 
of cotton and colonial produce, during that and the preceding year* 
returned largely freighted with iron, hemp, and cordage. 

In the articles of iron and hemp, particularly the latter, the United 
States may soon be independent of Russia, and all other countries. 
The culture of hemp has succeeded in many parts of the United 
States, and particularly in the state of Kentucky. In 1810, that state 
alone produced one hundred fifteen thousand and one hundred hundred 
weight of hemp, valued at §690, 600, and made also, in the same year, 
thirty-nine thousand eight hundred and seventy hundred weight of 
cordage, valued at §398,400, making more than a million of dollars 
for those two articles. In consequence of the low price of hemp, and 
the difficulty of getting it to market, the people of Kentucky have 
lately turned their attention to the culture of tobacco. 

SWEDEN. 

With Sweden, the ordinary trade of the United States has been 
inconsiderable. The average amount of exports to that country, from 
1795 to 1801, was about sixty thousand dollars, and the average val- 
ue of the imports, during the same period, did not exceed eighty 
thousand. 

Tobacco, rice, and some other articles of domestic and foreign pro- 
duce, are shipped to Sweden, for which iron is the principal article 



236 

received in return. While all intercourse with Great-Britain and 
France was prohihited, the nominal trade with that country was far 
from being inconsiderable. In 1809, the value of domestic produce, 
principally cotton and tobacco, shipped or rather cleared for Swedish 
ports, was $4 ,030,395, and the value of foreign produce, $ 1,409 ,303 ; 
and in 1810, the value of the former, cleared for the same ports, was 
§1,563,336, and the value of the latter, $4,294,397. The cotton 
was probably destined to Great-Britain, and the colonial produce, 
principally to the northern parts of Europe. 

Tn 1815 and 1816, the value of domestic and foreign produce ship- 
ped to Sweden, was as follows : — 

Domestic Produce. Foreign Produce. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

1815 - 204,066 36,741 

1816 - 240,387 - 140,346 



SWEDISH WEST-INDIES. 

With the Swedish West-Indies, our trade has been considerable. 
From 1795 to 1801, the annual amount of our exports to these islands 
was about $685,000, and the value of the imports, during the same pe- 
riod, was about $500,000. Some proportion of the exports was 
probably destined to the other West-India islands. In 1807, domes- 
tic produce shipped to the Swedish W'est-Indies amounted to 
$416,509, and foreign produce, to $911,155; and the same year, 
there were imported from these islands into the United States, ninety- 
two thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight gallons of rum, thirty thou- 
sand seven hundred and sixty-four gallons of molasses, two millions 
seven hundred and fifty-two thousand four hundred and twelve pounds 
of sugar, and one million seven hundred and five thousand six hundred 
and seventy pounds of coffee. 



237 

In 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1816, the exports to these islands 
were — 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce, 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls. 


1809 


2,757,859 


887,960 


1810 


1,619.442 


424,826 


1811 


884,417 


151,926 


1812 


1,060,500 


126,274 


1816 


261,678 


117,941 



The quantity of rum, molasses, sugar, and coffee, imported from 
the same, according to our custom-house books, in 1810 and 1811, 
was as follows : — 





Rum. 


Molasses. 


Coffee. 


Sugar. 




Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


1810 


1,504,938 


1,581,210 


2,425,216 


4,098,S61 


1811 


1,156,789 


1,384,297 


1,315,180 


6,054,032 



The greatest part of the rum and molasses, no doubt, came from the 
British West-India Islands during these years, through these Swedish 
neutral ports. 

DENMARK AND NORWAY. 

With Denmark and Norway, the American trade has been greater 
than with Sweden. The average value of exports to those countries, 
from 1795 to 1801, was about $600,000, and the average value of 
imports, for the same period, about $400,000. 

During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the exports were — 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce. 




Value — Dolls. 


Value—Dolls. 


1805 


435,926 


1,481,767 


1806 


356,595 


1,052,954 


1807 


572,150 


836,468 



238 

In the years 1809 and 1810, in consequence of commercial restric- 
tions with England and France, and the possession of Hamburgh by 
the French, great quantities of cotton and tobacco, and of colonial pro- 
duce, were cleared from the United States for the ports of Denmark 
and Norway, though destined to other places. Indeed our custom- 
house books furnish but little evidence of the amount of our trade 
with particular countries, during these two years, as the following 
account of our exports to Denmark and Norway, taken from the 
clearances of the vessels, will shew — 





Domestic Produce. 


Foreign Produce. 




Value— Dolls. 


Value— Dolls. 


1809 


958,584 


3,327,766 


1810 


3,962,739 


6,548,051 



The following quanties of cotton, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, were 
cleared for these countries, in these two years. 





Cotton. 


Tobacco. 


Sugar. 


Coffee. 




lbs. 


Hhds. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1809 


2,298,827 


5,950 


11,371,567 


7,953,461 


1810 


14,594,124 


18,797 


17,470,322 


14,120,990 



Since the close of the late war, between the United States and 
Great-Britain, the value of the exports to Denmark and Norway has 
been as follows : — 

Domestic Produce. Foreign Produce. 

Value— Dolls. Value— Dolls. 

1815 - - 127,920 - - 10,583 

1816 - - 364,768 - - 119,434 

The articles of domestic produce shipped to Denmark as well as 
Sweden, for these two years, were principally tobacco and rice, and 
of foreign produce, sugar and coffee. 



239 

DANISH WEST-INDIES. 

The extent of American trade with the Danish West-India Islands 
has been much greater, than with Denmark itself. 

The following is the amount of exports and imports from 1795 to 
1801 re- 



imports. 
Dolls. 
2,329,273 
2,818,746 
2,416,088 
1,117,321 
2,139,870 

999,770 
3,035,511 



From 1804 to 1807, and in 1815 and 1816, the value of the ex 
ports to those islands was — 







Exports. 






Dolls. 


1795 


- 


1,659,306 


1796 


- 


2,553,810 


1797 


- 


2,453,606 


1798 


- 


1,513,104 


1799 


- 


3,397,262 


1800 


- 


1,757,589 


1801 


- 


1,049,361 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce, 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1804 


1,081,618 


642,388 


1805 


1,523,106 


575,149 


1806 


1,410,029 


1,380,380 


1807 


1,614,711 


1,505,988 


1815 


496,249 


47,720 


1816 


681,948 


174,502 



HAMBURG AND BREMEN. 



The trade of the United States with Hamburg and Bremen, du- 
ring the late wars in Europe, and until those cities were occupied by 
the French armies, and became a prey to French rapacity, was very 
great, especially with the former, in articles of colonial produce. 
The imperial city of Hamburg has long been the great depot of the 



240 

extensive commerce of Germany, and the North of Europe. By- 
means of the rivers Elbe and Weser, and other waters connected with 
them, the manufactures of Germany, particularly her linens, are 
brought to Hamburg, and from thence exported to the United States, 
and other parts of the world. Through this city, also, the rich pro- 
ducts of the East and West-Indies have been introduced into Germa- 
ny, and the interior of the continent of Europe. The principal arti- 
cles of domestic produce, usually shipped to Hamburg and Bremen 
from the United States, are tobacco, rice, cotton, spirits from molasses, 
some whale oil, and pot and pearl ashes. And the articles of foreign 
produce have been sugar, coffee, teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices. 

The extent and value of American trade with these cities, in do- 
mestic and foreign articles, from 1795 to 1801, may be seen, from 
the following estimate of exports and imports, during that period. — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls, 


1795 


9,218,540 


1,584,524 


1796 


9,471,498 


2,167,390 


1797 


11,953,017 


2,755,677 


1798 


14,534,339 


3,738,763 


1799 


17,144,400 


6,919,425 


1800 


8,012,846 


4,996,886 


1801 


10,463,738 


4,585,256 



The exports to Hamburg, Bremen, other Hanse towns, and ports 
of Germany, but principally to Hamburg, from 1802 to 1810, and in 
2815 and 1816, were as follows : — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1802 


1,157,272 


5,072,220 


1803 


1,368,295 


1,911,437 


1804 


949,454 


3,525,553 


1805 


803,591 


2,338,917 


1806 


1,672,455 


4,751,769 



241 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce 




Value— dolls. 


Value— dolls. 


1807 


912,225 


2,248,057 


1808 


24,963 


204,852 


1809 


s 709,981 


1,682,662 


1810 


834,564 


291,818 


1815 


1,758,131 


478,542 


1816 


2,368,287 


1,166,213 



HOLLAND AND DEPENDENCIES. 

The United States had great commercial intercourse with Holland, 
until the commencement of their restrictive measures. Although Bo- 
naparte had given the Hollanders his brother Louis, for a king, that 
he might have them more completely under his control, and compel 
them to enforce his continental system, yet so strong were the com- 
mercial habits of the people of Holland, that means were found to 
evade the imperial mandates ; and the continental system, during the 
reign of Louis, was never carried into complete effect in that country. 
And notwithstanding the many vexations and spoliations, which 
American commerce experienced from the belligerent powers, yet 
it was extensive and profitable, not only with Holland, but with the 
rest of the world, until interrupted by commercial prohibitions. 

The extent of our trade with Holland will appear from the follow- 
ing statement of exports and imports at different periods. 

The exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, were as follows : — 







Exports. 


Imports. 






Value — dolls. 


Value— dolls 


1795 


- 


1,917,336 


1 ,329,952 


1796 


- 


6,083,491 


943,227 


1797 


- 


7,713,976 


2,404,828 


1798 


- 


4,713,976 


1,757,371 


1799 


- 


696,968 


662,590 


1800 


- 


4,372,964 ' 


775,54T 


3801 


- 


6,234,450 
31 


2,529,128 



242 



And from 1804 to 1816, the following were the exports of domes- 
tic and foreign produce : — 







Domestic. 




Foreign. 






Value — dolls. 




Value— dolls, 


1804 


-• 


2,064,158 


- 


11,757,002 


1805 


- 


1,783,503 


- 


14,959,380 


1806 


- 


3,609,964 


- 


15,051,665 


1807 


- 


3,098,234 


- 


13,086,160 


1808 


- 


382,121 


* 


2,227,722 


1809 


- 


421,294 


- 


697,070 


1810 


- 


74,194 


- 


28,992 


1811 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1812 


- 


30,747 


- 


- 


1813 


- 


29,160 


- 


- 


1814 


- 


12,159 


- 


15,422 


1815 


- 


3,687,437 


- 


795,390 


1816 


- 


3,325,429 


- 


1,940,358 



The articles of domestic produce, usually exported to Holland, are 
tobacco, rice, cotton, some whale oil, pot and pearl ashes, and spirits 
from molasses. The principal articles have been tobacco, rice, and 

cotton. 

The following is an account of the quantities shipped to this coun- 
try in the years 1806, 1807, 1815 and 1816, together with their val- 
ue, as estimated at the place of exportation : — > 

Cotton. Value, 

lbs. dolls. 

3,129,146 - 688,412 

3,146,209 - 660,703 

5,169,489 -1,036,748 

1,943,270 - 524,682 

The articles of foreign produce have been, principally, coffee, c *:- 
;ar, tea, and pepper. 





Tobacco. 


Value. 


Rice. 


Value. 




hhds. 


dolls. 


tierces. 


dolls. 


1806 


- 29,851 ■ 


• 2,358,229 


- 17,137 


- 457,993 


1807 


- 20,444 - 


1,799,072 


- 21,163 


- 529,075 


1815 


- 22,199 - 


2,131,104 


- 21,918 • 


• 438,360 


1816 


- 15,974 - 


. 2,955,190 


- 13,055 


- 336,557 



24S 

The following quantities of sugar and coffee were shipped to Hol- 
land, according to the custom-house books, from 1800 to 1810, and in 



1815, and 1816 


• 












Sugar, brown. 


Sugar, white & < 


:layed. Coffee. 






pounds. 


pounds. 




pounds. 


1800 


- 


7,542,160 


- 


- 


11,618,970 


1801 


- 


14,560,993 


- 


- 


13,125,837 


1802 


- 


15,436,179 


- 


- 


9,320,937 


1803 


- 


8,894,432 


- 1,057,806 


- 


2,323,902 


1804 


- 


27,294,509 


- 7,663,882 


- 


26,082,432 


. 1805 


- 


47,544,197 


- 8,455,435 


- 


23,694,991 


1806 


- 


56,008,790 


- 10,105,151 


- 


21,833,438 


1807 


- 


48,012,198 


- 8,719,529 


- 


19,900,965 


1808 


- 


8,215,969 


- 1,824,479 


- 


3,487,872 


1809 


- 


3,167,202 


836,459 


- 


957,122 


1810 


- 


88,590 


76,674 


- 


44,618 


1815 


- 


290,047 


. 


- 


1,608,170 


1816 


- 


4,443,842 


336,396 


- 


2,087,584 



The imports have usually consisted of wollen, linen, and other 
goods paying duties according to their value, spirits from grain, some 
nails and spikes, lead, and manufactures of lead, paints, steel, cheese, 
glass, anchors, shot, slit and hoop iron. The average amount of 
goods paying duties ad valorem for the years 1802, 1803 and 1804 > 
was $1, 110,354, and in 1807, was $1,881,741. The average quan- 
tity of gin imported, during the same three years, was one million 
fifty-nine thousand five hundred and forty gallons, and in 1807, was 
one million four hundred sixty-six thousand gallons. In our trade 
with Holland, the exports have generally far exceeded the imports ; 
the balance has been usually paid, in bills of exchange on England, 
and other parts of Europe. 

DUTCH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES, AND DUTCH EAST-IN- 
DIES. 

The extent and value of the commercial intercourse of the United 
States with the Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, may be 
estimated from the following account of exports and imports. 



244 

From 1795 to 1801, the exports and imports were — 







Exports. 




Imports. 






Value — dolls. 




Value — dolls. 


1795 


- 


962,705 


- 


2,342,957 


1796 


- 


1,758,548 


- 


3,703,787 


1797 


- 


1,903,638 


- 


2,178,426 


1798 


- 


2,720,969 


- 


2,475,494 


1799 


- 


5,154,535 


- 


3,929,101 


1800 


- 


1,296,052 


- 


2,800,766 


1801 


- 


625,791 


- 


1,987,612 



Exports to the same countries, from 1804 to 1810, and in 1815 and 
1816, were— 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value— dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1804 


1,600,667 


848,365 


1805 


454,645 


138,785 


1806 


570,545 


466,485 


1807 


496,010 , - 


307,366 


1808 


97,734 


14,839 


1809 


33,412 


771 


1810 


39,724 


31 


1815 


97,334 


697 


1816 


193,788 


72,550 



From the Dutch East-Indies, we have imported large quantities of 
coflee, sugar, pepper, and other spices, and have generally paid for 
them, in money, or in cargoes shipped from Europe, or in bills of ex- 
change. The late wars in Europe, in which the Dutch were unfor- 
tunately compelled to engage, threw this trade into the hands of the 
American merchant, and its progressive increase will appear from 
the following estimate of -imports from 1795 to 1801 — 

Imports. 
Value— dolls. 

1795 - - - 26,706 

1796 - - - 211,626 



245 

Imports. 
Value — dolls. 

1797 - - - 1,029,995 

1798 - - - 2,305,344 

1799 - - - 1,446,335 

1800 - - - 3,556,320 

1801 - - - 4,430,733 

In 1802, the quantity of coffee imported from the Dutch East-In- 
dies, and Cape of Good Hope, was six millions eight hundred twenty- 
five thousand two hundred and three pounds, and valued at 
$ 1,706 ,300, in 1804 was eight millions three hundred ninety-five 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-three pounds, and valued at 
$2,098,945, and in 1807, was eight millions eight hundred forty-two 
thousand five hundred and sixty-eight pounds. The quantity of pep- 
per imported in 1802, was five millions two hundred seventy-five 
thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven pounds, in 1804, four millions 
nine hundred forty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-four pounds, 
and in 1807, two millions five hundred eight thousand eight hundred 
and ninety-seven pounds. A considerable proportion of the pepper is 
procured by the Americans, directly from the natives of the islands. 



ITALY. 

' The trade of the United States with Italy has consisted principal- 
ly in carrying dried fish, sugar, coffee, pepper, and cocoa, and in 
bringing from thence, silks, wines, brandies, fruit, some lead, and 
cheese. The amount and increase of this commercial intercourse 
will be seen, from the following estimate of the exports and imports 
from 1795 to 1801, and of the exports from 1804 to 1813, 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value — dolls. 


Value— dolls. 


1795 


1,223,150 


319,653 


1796 


1,100,522 


268,237 


1797 


767,064 


852,408 


1798 


1,334,036 


724,209 


1799 


1,157,212 


753,484 



246 







Exports. 




Imports. 






Value— dolls. 




Value — dolls. 


1800 


- 


2,689,968 


- 


1,104,833 


1801 


- 


2,090,439 


- 


902,406 


Exports i 


Tom 1804 to 1816, including 


the island of Malta in t 


years 1815 and 1816. 












Domestic produce. 




Foreign produce. 






Value — dolls. 




Value — dolls. 


1804 


- 


118,441 




1,552,708 


1805 


- 


142,475 


-. 


2,320,099 


1806 


- 


185,346 


- 


4,587,727 


1807 


- 


250,257 


- 


5,499,722 


1808 


* 


58,085 


- 


1,312,173 


1809 


- 


49,206 


- 


1,106,539 


1810 


- 


71,803 


- 


656,691 


1811 


- 


151,555 


- 


437,381 


1812 


- 


139,928 


- 


134,794 


1813 


- 


1,947 


- 


- 


1814 


• 


- 


- 


. 


1815 


- 


110,706 


- 


333,330 


1816 


- 


324,929 


- 


1,233,349 



CHINA AND THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA. 

The trade of the United States with China commenced soon after 
the close of the revolutionary war. The first American vessel, that 
went on a trading voyage to China, sailed from the port of New-York, 
on the 22d day of February 1784, and returned on the 11th of May 
1785. She was three hundred and sixty tons burthen, commanded 
by Captain John Green, and Samuel Shaw, Esq. agent for the owners. 
The Americans were well received by the Chinese government, and 
since that time, our trade with China has greatly increased. 

In 1789, there were fifteen American vessels at Canton,* being a 
greater number, than from any other nation, except Great-Britain. 
For many years, we have imported more Chinese goods, than were 
wanted for our consumption, and which we have again exported to 

* Macpherson's Annals. 



247 



other countries. The principal articles imported are teas, silks, 
nankeens, and China ware. Of these, tea is of the greatest value. 
The quantity of this article, imported and consumed within the Uni- 
ted States, has increased with the increase of population. The fol- 
lowing is a statement of the quantities of the several species of tea, 
paying duties, after deducting the exportations from the importations, 
for each of the years from 1790 to 1800. 

It may be observed, that as some tea might have been exported 
without the benefit of drawback, the whole may not have been con- 
sumed in the United States, but the difference cannot be great, as it 
is believed, that most of the tea exported had the benefit of the draw- 
back. 

TEAS. 



Bohea. 



Souchong. Hyson. Other green. Total. 





lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1790 


2,059,684 


368,075 


530,613 


88,870 


3,047,242 


1791 


774,008 


91,123 


107,934 


12,932 


985,997 


1792 


2,332,892 


132,355 


115,263 


33,498 


2,614,008 


1793 


1,548,993 


36 ,687 


82,882 


8,007 


2,009,509 


1794 


2,095,416 


298,503 


29,754 


37,241 


2,460,914 


1795 


2,079,687 


146,457 


99,727 


48,247 


2,374,118 


1796 


1,778,007 


73,578 


239,102 


219,572 


2,310,259 


1797 


1,392,271 


185,359 


206,177 


224,592 


2,008,399 


1798 


1,079,139 


333,349 


194,616 


283,861 


1,890,965 


1799 


3,412,674 


309,598 


240,861 


538,370 


4,501,503 


1800 


1,891,434 


694,802 


533,613 


677,785 


3,797,634 


Total, 


20,444,145 


3,002,806 


2,380,542 


2,172,975 


28,000,548 



Making in the whole for eleven years, twenty-eight millions five 
hundred and forty-eight pounds, consumed in the United States, be- 
ing on an average of these years, two millions five hundred forty-five 
-'hnusand five hundred and four pounds a year. 



248 



The following quantity of teas of all kinds was imported and ex- 
ported from 1801 to 1812, viz. :— 





Imported. 


Exported. 


Consumed- 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1801 


4,086,960 


1,409,253 


2,677,707 


1802 


4,269,828 


1,894,538 


2,375,290 


1803 


6,053,529 


3,146,492 


2,907,037 


1804 


3,622,828 


1,219,233 


2,403,595 


1805 


5,119,441 


1,788,888 


3,330,553 


1806 


6,870,806 


2,002,207 


4,868,599 


1807 


8,108,774 


2,663,061 


5,445,713 


1808 


4,812,638 


237,883 


4,574,755 


1809 


1,482,990 


1,770,616 


- 


1810 


7,839,457 


1,337,732 


6,501,725 


1811 


3,018,118 


1,025,962 


1,992,156 


1812 


3,056,089 


■ ' 519,262 


2,536,827 



Making an average consumption for these twelve years of three 
millions two hundred seventy-seven thousand one hundred and ninety- 
four pounds a year. 

The value of goods paying duties ad valorem, which includes nan- 
keens, all silk and cotton goods, and China ware, imported in 1797, 
from China and the East-Indies generally, but principally from the 
former, amounted to $922,161. The average value of goods paying 
the same duties, from China and other native Asiatic powers during 
the years 1 802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions three hundred 
thousand dollars. 

From 1805, to 1813, the value of the same goods was as follows. 
viz. : — 



1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 



Value— Dolls 
1,802,945 
2,190,454 
1,821,321 
2,663,540 
533,929 
3,374,850 
2,889,642 
1,861,013 
566,676 



249 

The balance of trade with China, as it appears on the custom- 
house books, is much against the United States ; as few articles, ei- 
ther domestic or foreign, are shipped directly from the United States 
to that country. The payments for Chinese goods have been gene- 
rally made in specie, the exportation of which is not entered at the 
custom-house, or in seal-skins taken in the South-Seas, and furs pro- 
cured on the North-West Coast of America, and carried from those 
places, directly to China, without being brought to the United States. 
The amount of specie exported to China, it is difficult to ascertain 
with precision. From information, however, derived from well infor- 
med merchants concerned in the trade, and from the value of imports, 
it cannot for some years past have been less, (except during the late 
war,) than between two and three millions annually. The great 
prices obtained at Canton, for furs procured on the North-West Coast 
of America, by those who were with Captain Cook, in his last voyage 
of discovery, induced others to engage in this trade. The enterprize of 
the Americens led them very early to engage in these long and hazar- 
dous trading voyages. The first of the kind, undertaken from the Uni- 
ted States, was from Boston in 1788, in a ship commanded by captain 
Kendrick. This trade, at first, afforded great profits, to the concern- 
ed, and it has, ever since the year 1788, been carried on from the 
United States, to a considerable extent, and with greater or less profit. 
The furs are purchased from the Indians, many hundred miles along 
the coast, principally with articles of foreign merchandize, suited to 
the wants of the natives of that country. In 1800, the value of goods 
shipped to the North-West Coast, and to the South Seas, was 
§827,748 ; a part of these were undoubtedly destined to the 
Spanish settlements on the Pacific Ocean. Not only has the North- 
West Coast been explored, by the enterprise of the Americans for 
furs, but every Island in the South Seas, and every part of the conti. 
nentof South- America, has been visited, in search of seal skins for 
the same market. These sealing voyages were also, at first, very 
profitable, and induced many others to engage in them. Tl\e busi- 
ness, however, was overdone — the seal, in a (ew years.,, became so 
scarce, as not to be worth the pursuit. 

32 



250 
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251 
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252 
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CO 


i- 


3 


CO O CO CO Oi 


** 


CO i-h i- LO 


ex 


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33 


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other Canari 
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liiippines, 

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n Colonies, 


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CU -O "O -O J2 

1 S m" S 

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and 




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Brazil 


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flondura 

Manilla 

Spanish 

Florida : 

Other A 


Portugal 
Madeira 
Fayal ai 
Cape de 
Coast of 


Italy, 
Africa, 
China a: 
West-In 
Europe, 
N. West 





25S 
TABLE No. II. 



CN J* 

S3 



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3 


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|rt T}< 


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ICN CN 




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CN 


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CN 


CN 


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CO ico 



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nct'o 

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12 



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£3 



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i-; ,'_, h-t 
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POP 



254 



TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED. 



^r v_* i*-j u-j uu sl^ ^i ^ > «*; <^n 

cncNtooocococooi^cN 
•<* CN CN v^ to^ CN ■<* -* Cft en 

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255 
TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED. 



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r-( | -O CM CO K CM CM K 


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to 


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CO 




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(general 

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do. 

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Piiilippines, 
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her Azores, 
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Manilla and 
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Floridas and 
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Coast of Bra 


Italy, 

Moiocco, 

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Cliina and E; 

West-lndiesj 

Europe, 

North-West 





856 
TABLE No. III. 



Amount of goods imported into the United Stales for the year ending Suth Sep- 
tember, 1807. 



- lbs 



Value of goods paying an ad valo- 
rem duty of 15 per cent. 
Do. do. do. 17^ do- 
Do. do. do. 22 2 do. - 
Malmsey and Madeira wines, gals 
Burgundy, ... 

Sherry, - 
All other wines, 
Foreign spirits from grain, 
From other materials, 
Molasses, 

Beer, ale, and porter, 
Teas, bohea, 
Do. souchong, 
Do. hyson, 
Do. other green, 
Coffee, - - - 

Cocoa, 
Chocolate, 
Sugars, brown, &c. 
Do. clayed, &c. 
Do. cindy and refined, 
Almonds, - 

Currants, 

Prunes and plums, 
Figs, - . - - 

Raisins, in jars and boxes, 
x\ll others, 
Candles, tallow, 
Wax and spermaceti, 
Cheese, - 

Soap, ... 

Tallow, 
Spices, mace, 
Do. nutmegs, 
Do. cinnamon, 
Do. cloves, - - 

Do. pepper, - 
Do. pimento, - . • 

Do. cassia, - 
Tobacco manufactured other than 

snuff and cigars, 
Snuff, 

Indigo, - - 

Cotton, - ... 



395,103 
13,948 
315,779 
4,843,489 
1,477,679 
9,915,243 
8,511,234 
226,559 
1,511,051 
2,016,177 
1,251,367 
2,823,017 
58,824,811 
9,191,344 
3.640 
175,110,619 
45,398,494 
159,986 
685,400 
436,049 
103,766 
283,353 
864,419 
2,918,073 
547,546 
4,412 
1,029,642 
2,090,125 
1,750,279 
2,195 
3,182 
9,076 
48,526 
3,499,433 
1,196,239 
141,348 

10,261 

57,002 
1,010,672 
3,377,870 



a $2 59 



value. Dollars. Cts. 

46,861,538 

11,097,676 
696,703 
1,023,321 95 
59,279 
353,672 48 
3,051,397 7 
1,477,679 
9,221,175 99 
3,064,044 24 
124,607 45 
498,946 83 
1,250,029 74 
1,251,367 
2,117,362 75 
16,470,947 8 
2,297,961 
1,456 
17,511,061 90 
5,901,804 22 
28,797 48 
143,934 
56,686 37 
14,527 24 
42,502 95 
138,307 4 
291,807 30 
98,558 28 
2,647 20 
288,299 76 
376,222 50 
262,541 85 
16,462 50 
10,341 50 
17,425 92 
40,761 84 
804,869 69 
263,172 58 
48,058 32 

2,052 20 

14,250 50 
1,849,529 76 
1,047,139 70 



55 

3 

62 
L 
75 

28 

25 

40 

10 

13 

18 

21 

13 

14 

15 

16 

10 

18 

60 

28 

18 

15 

50 

25 

92 

84 

23 

22 

34 

20 

25 
83 
31 



257 
TABLE No. III. — CONTINUED. 



Powder, hair, - - lbs. 
Do. gun, - - 

Starch, ... 

Glue, 

Pewter plates and dishes, 
Iron, anchors and sheet, - - 
Do. slit and hoop, - - 
Do. nails and spikes, 
Quick-silver, 
Paints, yellow in oil, 
Do. do. dry, 
Do. Spanish brown, 
Do. white and red lead, 
Lead, and manufactures of lead, 
Seines, . - 

Cordage, tarred, 
Do. untarred, - - 

Cables, .... 
Steel, - - - cwt 

Hemp, - 

Twine, - 

Glauber slats, 

Salt, weighing- more than 561bs. 

per bushel, - - lbs. 

Do. weighing 56 lbs. or less 

per bushel, - bushels 

Coal, 

Fish, foreign caught, dried,quint 

Do. salmon, - barrels 

Do. mackerel, - 

Do. all other, 

Glass, black quart bottles, gros 

Do. window not above 8 by 101 
inches for each 100 square £ 
feet boxes, j 

Do. not above 10 by 12, 

Do. all above 10 by 12, 

Segars, 

Lime, ... 

Boots, 

Shoes and slippers, silk, 

Do. morocco, &c. for men and } 
women, ... 5 

Do. children's, 

Cards, wool or cotton, - doz 

Do. playing, - - packr 



M 
casks 
pafrs 



5,099 a 

211,748 

26,209 

114,732 

59,879 

781,875 

773,017 

4,948,443 

17,211 

32,590 

122,460 

828,368 

2,804,092 

2,455,884 

10,084 

1,068,329 

57,210 

67,720 

15,315 

141,107 

4,253 

157 

126,173,054 



Value. 

$00 16 

46 

15 

23 

25 

9 

10 

11 

69 

15 

8 

6 

15 
11 
50 
11 
10 
12 
13 
15 
30 
5 



22,719 

3,089 
4,183 

25,624 

385 

3,554 

31,880 

72,875 

24,761 

4 

6,425 



418,538 


69 


288,791 22 


456,936 


29 


132,511 44 


233,902 


4 50 


1,052,559 


7,231 


14 


101,234 


16,098 


7 


112,686 


17,057 


6 


102,342 


24,594 


7 50 


184,455 



11 50 

15 

17 50 

10 
8 

6 50 
1 75 

1 25 

75 



Dollars. Cts. 

815 84 

97,404 8 

3,931 35 

26,388 36 

14,969 75 

70,368 75 

77,301 70 

544,328 73 

11,875 59 

4,888 50 

9,796 80 

49,702 

420,613 80 

270,147 24 

5,042 

117,516 19 

5,721 

8,126 40 

205,595 

2,116,605 

127,590 

785 

1,387,903 59 



Total, 



261,268 50 

46,335 
73,202 50 
256,240 
3,080 
23,101 
55,790 

91,093 75 

18,570 75 
24 

2,248 75 



$ 138,574,876 84 



25$ 
TABLE No. IV 



§ "3 



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i 


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259 
TABLE No. IV.— continued. 





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TABLE No. IV.— continued. 



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Tobacco manufactured, lbs 
Snuff, - do. 
Indigo, - - do. 
Cotton, - - do. 
Powder, hair, - - do. 
Do. gun, - - do. 
Starch, - - do 
Glue, - - do 
Pewter, plates and dishes, do 
Iron, anchors and sheet, do 
Do. slit and hoop, - do 
Nails, - - do 
Spikes, - - do. 
Quick silver, - do. 
Paints, ochre, in oil, do 
Do. do. dry, - do 
Do. Spanish brown, - do 
Do. white and red lead, do 
Lead,& manufac's of lead, do. 
Seines, - - - do 
Cordage tarred, - do 
Do. untarred, - do 
Cables, - - do 
Steel, - . cwt. 
Hemp, - - do. 
Twine, . . do. 



261 



TABLE No. IV — continued. 







m 


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262 
TABLE No. V. 



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263 
TABLE No. V.— continued* 



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264 
TABLE No. VI. 



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265 
TABLE No. VI. 











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34 



266 
TABLE No. Vlf. 



Copy of a return to an Order of the House of Commons, dated 13th 
February, 1809, for an account of the total official value and real 
value of all Imports into, and Exports from Great-Britain, for three 
years, ending lOf/i October 1803,— distinguishing each year, and 
foreign merchandize from British produce and manufactures. 
(N. B.) This account is exclusive of the value of the imports and ex- 
ports of Scotland, and likeswise of the importations from the East-Indies, 
and China, the returns of which being made up and transmitted in annual 
periods, ending the 5th of January, are not received for the year 1808, and 
therefore the amount of both of these has been omitted in each of the two 
preceding years, of the account, in order to shew the comparative view of 
one year with another. 



Official Value. 


o 

O 

O 
bo 

.5 
^o 

c 
<u 

M 

s- 
o 


Real Value. 


\ IMPORTS. 

1 

i 

1 £ 


"EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


Foreign 

and 
Colonial 
merchan- 
dize. 


British 
produce 

and 
manufac- 
tures. 


Foreign 

and 
Colonial 
merchan- 
dize. 

~~£ 


British 
produce 

and 
manufac- 
tures. 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


'22,058,003 
f 23,493,127 
120,707,323 


8,395,269 
9,090,918 
6,680,024 


24,947,782| 1806 
24,550.724 1807 
21,925,538: 1808 


38,398,645 
40,947,300 
34,448,620 


9,005,120 
9,679,652 
7,138,282 


39,368,218 
39,041,854 
35,233,477 



Signed, WILLIAM IRVING, 

Inspector general of imports and exports. 
Custom-Housc, London, 16th February, I SOD. 



2<X 



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II 
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CC „ 

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CC 



268 
TABLE No. IX. 



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273 



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274, 
TABLE No. XI.— continued. 



4 

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c 
1 



CHAPTER VII. 

Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world— -Balance of trade 
— Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles consumed in the 
United States, at different periods. 

Having presented an estimate of the amount of the trade of the 
United States with the different nations, with which they have any 
considerable commercial intercourse, we now give a general view 
of exports to each quarter of the world, from 1801 to 1812, and for 
1815 and 1816, accompanied with some remarks relative to the bal- 
ance of trade, between the United States and the rest of the world, 
with an estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles, annual- 
ly consumed at different periods. 

The following statement exhibits the value of merchandize, do« 
mestic and foreign, exported from the United States, to each quarter 
of the world, from 1801, to 1812, and for 1815 and 1816. 





EUIIOPE. 


ASIA 






Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Years. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1801 


27,569,699 


31,380,558 


371,737 


1,136,517 


1802 


19,904,389 


23,575,108 


547,386 


820,423 


1803 


25,939,111 


8,561,834 


292,593 


149,600 


1804 


23,094,946 


27,468,725 


546,278 


830,223 


1805 


23,640,776 


36,341,320 


612,683 


2,156,229 


1806 


24,384,020 


40,267,711 


514,621 


1,968,860 


1807 


31,012,947 


38,882,633 


497,769 


1,598,445 


1808 


5,185,720 


7,202,232 


26,649 


267,542 


1809 


17,838,502 


13,072,045 


703,900 


1,218,228 


1810 


27,202,534 


17,786,614 


377,795 


406,646 


1811 


29,552,442 


8,727,011 


581,815 


812,950 


1812 


20,626,488 


5,644,433 


308,510 


588,299 


1815 


33,728,025 


4,388,719 


319,667 


347,394 


1816 


49,872,716 


10,042.665 


504,856 


1,970,137 



276 

AFRICA. W. INlHES, AMERICAN CONTINENT, &C\ 

Domestic. Foreign. Domestic. Foreign. 

Years; Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 

1801 934,331 756,445 17,482,025 13,369,201 

1802 747,544 411,855 14,982,854 10,967,585 

1803 636,106 148,004 15,338,151 4,734,634 

1804 1,264,737 681,499 16,561,516 7,251,150 

1805 1,359,518 1,726,987 16,774,025 12,954,483 

1806 1,371,475 901,916 14,983,611 17,144,759 

1807 1,296,375 1,627,177 15,892,501 17,535,303 

1808 278,544 218,950 3,939,633 5,308,690 

1809 3,132,687 1,472,819 9,732,613 5,034,439 

1810 2,549,744 722,777 12,236,602 5,475,258 

1811 1,804,998 622,445 13,354,788 5,860,384 

1812 1,235,457 197,587 7,861,655 2,064,808 

1815 155,582 113,017 11,720,887 1,768,220 

1816 239,759 343,485 13,964,112 5,075,416 

It will be seen from this statement, taken from the custom-house 
books, that, in 1805, 1806, and 1807, when our exports amounted an- 
nually to more than one hundred millions of dollars, we exported to 
Europe, domestic produce of the value of more than twenty-six mil- 
lions of dollars, and of foreign produce, more than thirty-eight millions 
of dollars ; to Asia, domestic produce of the value of about five hun- 
dred and forty thousand dollars, and foreign produce about one million 
and nine hundred thousand dollars ; to Africa, domestic produce of 
the value of about one million three hundred thousand dollars, and 
foreign produce, about one million four hundred thousand dollars ; 
and to the West-Indies and American continent, domestic produce 
about fifteen millions eight hundred and eighty thousand dollars, and 
foreign produce, about fifteen millions eight hundred and seventy 
thousand dollars. The average amount of exports of domestic pro- 
duce during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, was $44,863, 198, and 
of foreign produce, §57,701,937. Of the whole value of domestic 
produce, exported during this period, about six tenths went to Europe, 
about four elevenths to the West-Indies and American continent, 
and less than one twentieth to Asia and Africa. In 1816, domestic 



277 

produce of the value of nearly fifty millions went to Europe, about 
half a million to Asia, three hundred thousand to Africa, and fourteen 
millions to the West-Indies and American continent ; and foreign 
produce, ten millions to Europe, about two millions to Asia, about 
three hundred and fifty thousand to Africa, and five millions to the 
West-Indies and American continent. 

In the preceding chapter, we have, as far as practicable, given an 
account of the value of our imports, at different periods, with the 
countries from whence derived. It would have been fortunate, had 
the custom-house books furnished us with the annual value of our im- 
ports, as well as exports. 

This would have enabled us, with much more certainty, to ascer- 
tain the balance of trade, between the United States and other coun- 
tries. 

On the subject of the balance of trade, as it has been called, wri- 
ters on political economy have very widely differed. Assuming dif- 
ferent data as the basis of their calculations, they have come to differ- 
ent results. Some have considered the rate of exchange between two 
countries, as the best evidence of the balance of trade between them ; 
others have considered the value of exports and imports as the surest 
criterion, by which to judge of the increase or decrease of the wealth 
of a country, while some have maintained, that the rate of the inter- 
est of money, is to be taken into the account. A late celebrated 
French writer,* in his able and learned inquiry, into the various sys- 
tems of political economy, speaking of the " necessity of endeavour- 
ing to find out a way to know the balance of annual income, and an- 
nual consumption," asks this question, — " Is there any such way, that 
can be relied upon, as certain and positive ?" And answers it by 
saying " there is none." " We must, as yet," says he, " be content- 
ed with mere conjecture, built upon an augmented population, and 
particularly upon the increase of the industrious classes and towns, 
upon the good condition of agricultural buildings, upon the number of 
acres cleared or enclosed, and upon the facility with which the pub- 
lic contributions are collected. To these conjectures, some add, 
those resulting from the rate of interest of money ; but this conjec- 
ture is, in my opinion, erroneous and delusive. 

* Ganilh. 



278 

" A high rate of interest is not always a proof of the declining 
wealth of a country ; on the contrary, it is a proof of its prosperity, 
when this prosperity is progressive. The interest of money must al- 
ways be very high in countries whose prosperity is progressive, be- 
cause its agriculture and manufactures, increasing with its population, 
are always requiring fresh capitals, the demand for which necessarily 
keeps the rate of interest very high." 

It is not, however, our intention to enter into a consideration of 
the various theories respecting the balance of trade. Whatever 
doubts may have perplexed writers on political economy, on the sub- 
ject of the increase or decrease of wealth, or the balance of trade, 
among the old nations of Europe, there can be none with respect to 
this country. 

That the United States, since the establishment of the present gov- 
ernment, and particularly until the commencement of commercial 
prohibitions, and the war between them and Great-Britain, have in- 
creased in wealth, as well as population, does not rest on conjecture. 
It is proved by the great increase of their exports and imports, by 
the increase of the duties on imports and tonnage, by the unexam- 
pled increase of their commercial tonnage, by the accumulation of 
wealth in all their cities, towns, and villages, by the establishment of 
various monied institutions, and of manufactures, by the great rise in 
the value of lands, and by various internal improvements. If we are 
to form an opinion of the increase of our national wealth, by a com- 
parative view of our exports and imports alone, we shall be equally 
certain, that this opinion does not rest on conjecture. 

It is true with nations as with individuals, if their annual consump- 
tion exceeds their annual income ; if the actual value of the articles 
imported into any country and there consumed, annually exceeds the 
actual value of the articles exported in payment for them ; that coun- 
try must become indebted to the amount of the difference. In de- 
termining, however, the increase or decrease of national wealth, by 
a comparison of imports and exports, we are in the first place to in- 
quire how, or in what manner, this value has been ascertained : a 
second question may also arise, whether the imports are all annually 
consumed in the country, or whether a part of them go to form an ad- 
dition to the productive capital. The modes of valuing exports and 
Imports are different in different countries. 



270 

In England, the rates at which the exports and imports are valued 
were settled in 1696. The value of all articles at that period, ex- 
ported or imported, was fixed, and the value of all the exports and im- 
ports of that country has ever since been stated in their custom-house 
books at the rates then established. This is called the official value 
in the English accounts of exports and imports. In consequence of 
the great rise in most if not all the articles of trade, for more than 
a century past, this official value is much less than the real or actual 
value. The difference in some articles is very great, in most it 
amounts to forty, fifty, and sixty percent. In 18U7, the official value 
of the exports of British produce and manufacture was £24,550,724, 
but the real or declared value, as ascertained by the inspector-gene- 
ral of imports and exports and laid before parliament, was 
£39,041,854. 

In the United States, as we have before observed, the value of ex- 
ports is stated according to the average prices of the articles, at the 
place of exportation. In 1807, the average price of tobacco, for 
instance, at the places from whence it was exported, was eighty-eight 
dollars per hogshead, and the value of all the tobacco exported dur- 
ing that year was calculated at that price. The value of the imports 
so far as they are ascertained at the custom-house, (and they are as- 
certained only on goods subject to the payment of duties ad valorem,) 
is determined by law, as follows, viz. — " by adding twenty percent, 
to the actual cost thereof, if imported from the Cape of Good Hope, or 
from any place beyond the same, and t,en per cent, on the net cost 
thereof at the place whence imported, (exclusive of packages, commis- 
sions, and all charges/') From this, it will readily be perceived that 
the value of imports of the United States, as estimated in their custom- 
house books, must, generally, if not always, exceed that of their ex- 
ports. In the preceding Tables, containing the exports and imports 
from 1795 to 1801, it will be perceived that the value of the latter 
exceeds that of the former in each year. In 1801, the value of im- 
ports (as estimated at the place of importation) was $1 11,363,511, 
and the value of exports only $93,020, 573, making a difference of 
$18,343,938. In 1807, our exports were valued at $108,343,150, 
and the imports at $138,574,876 84 cents, making a difference of 
$30,231,726. The value of the imports in 1807, it will be remem- 



280 

bered, was estimated from the prices at which the same articles when 
exported in the same year were valued at the custom-house. 

Indeed, from this mode of calculating their value, and from the cir- 
cumstance that American merchants have been, for many years, prin- 
cipally their own carriers, however paradoxical it may appear, it is 
nevertheless true that the real gain of the United States has been 
nearly in proportion as their imports have exceeded their exports. 
This will be evident from a simple statement in respect to a single 
voyage. A vessel carries a cargo of flour to Spain or Portugal, say 
five thousand barrels. This was valued in 1811, at $9 50 cents per 
barrel, making the value of the cargo, at the place of exportation, 
$47,500. This flour would bring the shipper in Spain, say fifteen 
dollars per barrel, making the value of the cargo at a foreign port, 
$ 75,000, the difference being $27,500. This difference arises from 
the necessary charges on the voyage, including freight, insurance, 
commissions, &c. and perhaps, also, a profit more or less, according 
to the state of the market. If the avails of this cargo should be 
brought home directly in money, the value of the imports arising 
from it would of course be $75,000, exceeding the value of the 
original cargo before its exportation, $27,500. If this cargo were 
shipped in an American vessel, and entirely on account of the Amer- 
ican merchant, this difference would be a gain to the United States. 
It is obvious, indeed, that unless the avails of the cargo, when sold in 
a foreign port, are sufficient to cover the expense of shipment in ad- 
dition to the first cost at the place of exportation, it must be a losing 
voyage. 

Returns, however, are not often made in money alone ; the avails 
of an outward cargo are generally vestedi n some foreign articles, and 
imported into the United States in our own vessels. The freight and 
other expenses on the return cargo, with a reasonable profit, are in- 
cluded in the value of the articles, and go to increase the difference 
between the estimated value of the imported and exported cargo. As 
most of our exports consist of bulky articles, and have been carried in 
our own ships the profit from freight, alone has been very great. In 
1811, one million four hundred and forty-five thousand and twelve 
barrels of flour were shipped from the United States, the average 
freight could not be less than two dollars per barrel, making for the 



281 



whole quantity §2,890,024. When we add to this the freight on to - 
bacco, rice, cotton, lumber, beef, pork, fish, &c. &c. &c. the whole 
must amount to many millions. 

The imports are partly again exported, and the rest consumed in 
the United States. The quantity and estimated value of those ex- 
ported are contained in the custom-house books, and are annually re- 
ported to congress from the treasury department. 

The value of merchandize paying duties ad valorem, and the 
quantities of foreign spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and 
salt, annually consumed in the United States at different periods, 
were as follows, viz. :< — 





Merchandize paying 






duties ad valorem. 


Average annual amount. 




Dolls. 


3 years, 1790 to 1792 


- 


19,310,801 


6 years, 1793 to 1798 


- 


27,051,440 


3 years, 1805 t© 1807 




38,549,965 

Spirits — foreign. 
Gallons. 


3 years, 1790 to 1792 


- 


4,108,802 


6 years, 1793 to 1798 


- 


5,176,810 


12 years, 1801 to 1812 




- 6,834,878 

Molasses. 
Gallons. 


3 years, 1790 to 1792 


, 


5,423,122 


6 years, 1793 to 1798 




3,822,351 


12 years, 1801 to 1812 


- 


7,207,589 




Wines paying spe- 


Wines paying du- 




cific duties. 


ties ad valorem. 




Gallons. 


Gallons. 


3 years, 1790 to 1792 


- 1,091,478 


- 


6 years, 1793 to 1798 


* 1,502,403 


661,943 


12 years, 1801 to 1812 


- 1,715,892 


- 



36 



282 



Average annual amount. 
3 years, 1790 to 1792 
6 years, 1793 to 1798 
12 years, 1801 to 1812 



3 year?, 1790 to 1792 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 
12 years, 1801 to 1812 



Teas. 

pounds. 

2,215,749 

2,175,694 

3,277,194 

Coffee. 

pounds. 

3,836,391 

7,351,665 
11,107,380 



3 years, 1790 to 1792 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 

12 years, 1801 to 1812 



3 years, 1790 to 1792 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 

7 years, 1801 to 1807 



Sugar. 

pounds. 

22,397,370 

36,149,664 

50,279,249 

Salt. 

pounds. 

1,475,033 

2,210,942 
3,856,543 



The consumption of foreign articles has increased with the increase 
of population, and in the articles of coffee and sugar particularly, the 
ratio of increase has been in proportion to the wealth, as well as the 
population of the country. 

The increase of American population, it is believed, has been, 
without example, in the annals of the world. From 1749 to 1790, 
a period of forty-one years, the increase was, from little more 
than a million, to nearly four millions. Ey the first enumeration 
under the present constitution, in 1790, the number of inhabitants 
was— ..... 3,929,326 

By the second, in 1800, - - - 5,309,758 

By the third, in 1810, - -- - 7,239,903 

being an increase, in twenty years, of - - 3,310,577 



283 

The numbers in each state, in each of these years, may be seen in 
tables No. I. II. and III. 

The whole quantity of sugar annually consumed in the United 
States, tor some years past, must have been about seventy millions of 
pounds. In 1810, about ten millions were made, in the territory of 
Orleans, now state of Louisiana ; and in the same year, according to 
the returns of the marshals, more than nine millions and a half of sugar 
were made from the maple tree, in the United States. 

Sugar plantations have been, and still are increasing in Louisiana ; 
and it is stated, by those well acquainted with the subject, that, in 
1814, not less than fifteen millions were made in that state ; though 
but a small proportion of the lands there, suitable for sugar, have yet 
been planted with cane. The culture of sugar still increases in the 
state of Louisiana. No less than ten millions eight hundred thirty-three 
thousand seven hundred and four pounds of sugar, of domestic growth, 
was exported coastwise from New-Orleans, in the year 1816, princi- 
pally to the ports of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New- York, and 
this was in addition to the quantity carried up the Mississippi river, 
and consumed in the state of Louisiana. 

The culture of the sugar cane has lately been introduced into the 
state of Georgia , and the experiments already made have been at- 
tended with the most flattering success. In 1805, Thomas Spalding, 
Esq. a gentleman of wealth and enterprise, in that state, procured one 
hundred cane plants from the West-Indies, for the purpose of trying 
them on his plantation on an island near the sea-coast of Georgia. 
After repeated trials, in which he was guided, principally, by his 
own judgment and experience, he completely succeeded. About 
three years since, he made a small quantity of sugar of a good quali- 
ty ; and in 1814, he had one hundred acres in cane, which produced 
seventy-five thousand weight of prime sugar, and four thousand gal- 
lons of molasses ; and, but for the want of boilers, which, on account 
of the war, could not be brought to his plantation, would have pro- 
duced one hundred thousand weight. The culture of the cane is 
found not to be more laborious than cotton, and is not liable to so 
many accidents. One thousand pounds per acre is not considered a 
great crop. This at ten cents, would be one hundred dollars. Al- 
most every planter, along the sea-coast of Georgia, during the late 



284 

war turned his attention, more or less, to the culture of the sugar 
cane ; and from experiments already made, the cane is found to 
grow luxuriantly, as far north as the city of Charleston, in South- 
Carolina. Since the peace, in consequence of the high price of cot- 
ton, the attention of the southern planter has been diverted from the 
culture of the sugar cane. 

There can, however, be little doubt, that, at a period not very far 
distant, a sufficient quantity of sugar may be made, within the limits 
of the United States, for the consumption of the inhabitants. 



283 
TABLE No. I. 





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3 


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V} 


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1 

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* "1 1 "I S 1 -1 ^S "3 3 2 "S>§ .§ ■£ c .3 « 

£ < K £ ^ J?, £ tf « =h £ § =h 1 



288 
TABLE No. III. 



IP 



h 



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§ I 

•n to 






5 - 

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b~ 



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Cn o o »o o 
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C"N O 3> Tf 



•sda^is 



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rt CO O CO N 



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b- O ^H 

cn 

CO 



*« T-t ~ cn * 



•p9xt3j jou suBipuj 
W3DX3 suosaad 99jj jgipo \\y 



•S9i[ 
-uuej jo spBaq Suipnpui 
co .' spjBMdn pu-e 9au-'a~:ijoj jp 

^ ! sgipuiBj 

g jJO Sp^3l| Suipnpui '9AIJ-A} 
a | -JQJ aapci n pun xis-Xiuqmi jo 



«3 



cn b- 

<o co 
Oi b- 



o o 

In. «o 
O b~ 



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nO •<* CO CO Tf 



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co ©* b» cn — 
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r- cn 

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cn <o oc cn o 

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sai[iu.iuj 
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U9au jgpun pin? uaajxis jo 



o o .•hc o o cn ^ o « v) a o m 

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CNCO|N_0>»00>r-.i-iO>»OCOCOCn«0 



•U33)xis j9pun pun U9j jo 



n - cn i-> ci --I -> k f.o o co n cn n 

CM CTliO •* CO M - < CO ^ N CO O <D rjt 

co^o^cn co co en co_b.cn co c» cn co_bN ; 
^N^co'bN^bN^ vf co* co'b-' o -n? bsT «T no* »o 

t-i CO — ( -^- ^-.O'-nO h^m5< 



•3§b jo sjEaA* uaj aapufj 



CO CO 



in co irs s 4 cn" 



»"^ *TJ ^ J *W ^^ ^» •"■ XN» «J~J - OT NW 

(-•j uj t— < sj »o »— ■ ^ nO nC ■* co »-« 0> h>. 

HCOCOtOioCnQOKO > 



•^/ v j vi v^# ^^/ *^ ■*-*- • -• X s * *""* V s * 

cT nd" gT to"" o irT bJ vo* *-T cn nc" o -njT c5 

CO W CO CO n CO »o CO CO 



I N> N«/ NJ' V» ^ 

CO 0> -n^ nO 



•S3l[ 

-luiuj jo spe^q Suipn[ou; 
spjBAvdn puT# aAif-AYioj \q 



'-'NO.'-cocn'NrNO'Ni'Ooo»n®*Nr5CN 

OiKO»f)CTMCOOOtN<OOlO^ 

®1 °l ^ R "*."* °l SL ^ °°, ^°1> °l "l 
CO TjT tjT co ntT O CO nO*" cn cn vT >o" »-T nT 



satftuiuj 
jo spisaq Suipnpui 4 3a'u-Aj 
JQ| J9pun 2g xts'X^U9A\; jq 



cn T — i 

K»OCO 

o co *o 



— <o 

cn nc 

tN. tN. 

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CN 



cn cn 
cn oo 
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cn cn 

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nO *n 
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JtN. •-• CO 

nO nO *o 

»0^b>. nO 

Oo'cNOf 
lO CN CN 



•S3JI|UJ^J 

jo sp^aq Suipnpui *xis-X*j 
-u3A\a j^pun pun U9^xis jo 



CO oo *o 
0-.nO 

^oco 



co o 
b- in 
nO cn 



o o> 

CO In. 
CO b- 



co 



O 00 

*o 00 
—i <o 



co cn cn 

b- 00 b- 

■>* »-l b- 



U99;xis aopun pUB U9^ JQ 



CO^ on 

COnOtJ 1 n? 

-<* cn oo co 



■n? 00 

vo cn 
»o -nt 
>o'o' 

CN 



> "Nf IO 

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in. cn nO_ 
co' co' CN 

NtiCO 



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00 00 —I ^- o 

^NJlCftrtCO 



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„ a nj 

i 



CO O -n? CN 

b. co oo oc 
cn cn 'j* o 

r* CO -nt" 00* 

•nJ< O CO CO 



•O CN 
CO — 
b- 00 

ob^r 

~ CO 



CO •*!< ■* 
CO — • VC 

cn co ^ 



CN CO b. CO -nT 
CO «-< b- CN CO 
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C3J3 S CJ CU'TT ^^"T C ^3 

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239 







^261,727 

Total in the 
U. States, 
7,036,563 




■SdU0ftUU9t ^ 
• • ' CO 

ai/t m iv}o l l g 




s 

CO 

CI 

c 

Q 






•}3U}Sip ipV9 Ut SJVJO^l 


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*o SO CO H rj< 

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V5 O tO rH lo 


1 tO CN « O CI G1 CO 
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V^CO CO *C CM K O^ 

K ^ O? CM r-( CM 


CO 


°l 
crT 
CO 
CM 

to 

CO 

ch 




•S3AT?IS 


168,824 

9,376 

35,159 

196,365 

105,218 


O 00 H K CO ■* iO 
tO CO rH CO to CM C> 
tO^OO CM rH CO 

■* tCco vf 

CO lH 




•p3Xtf} 10U SUBipiII 

;daox9 'suosjgd gg.y'jgujo \\y 


<ChO»00 
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bT CM 


to" 

00 






< 

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a 

F3 


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b- a> to <o 00 

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CM 1-1 


en *o cm ^r •* cm 
b- to 01 <o co co 
t? to >0 K CO H X 


CO 
CO 

00" 

CO 






S9iriurej 

spuat{ Suipnput '9AXJ-A} 
-joj aspun 53 xis-a"}U3a\} JO 


-* 00 to ■>* 
■* ^ b. tv. »o 
C^CO CM O^ CO 
CO K O CO CM 

CO HriH 


tO CO C?l O ^ ri Tj( 

cn >o to co a. h co 

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CO rH r-T rH r-T 


to 

Vi 






•ssijiurej jo 
sp^atf Surpnpui 'xts-A 
-U3A4 aapim pireuaaixisjo 


co o> *o co »h 
CO ^o CO to 
0^ *o CO VO t^ 

hTcor-To CO 

CO HCNH 


■* K H CO CO CO CO 

K CO CO cm *o to >o 
CO rH tJ^CM O CO «3 
CMCMrHCMrH rH 


i °° 

1 <o 

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to 






•U99;XIS .T9pUR pUT3 U9} JQ 


CO tO CO a K 
*C H H (N CO 

CO T-l 1-H 


00 tj< *0 CO rH CM CM 

00 ^ to to o> CO o> 

^"OCMCO^KCO r-i 
CM rH rH r-T r-T 


1 "* 

1 CM 






•9§u jo sju9A* U9} jgpuQ 


tH <0 ^t 1 t-~ CO 
(N^OiCJiCO 
^ -^ CO ■># CM 
vT tC rjT jsT to" 
tO r-> CM CO CM 


■* >o co 'o a 'O co 

00 rH rH iO rH O CO 
COO CM IO O -^ *0 
»0 ^ CO ^* CM CM 


rH 

CO 
1 G-> 






DO 

-J 
< 


-xurej jo sp^gq Sinpnpcn 
'sp.reAvdn put; 9Au;-A*^ioj jo 


Ci 00 CO rj"D 
CO O) »o O CO 
— • o> <o CO ^ 
i-T tjT vT t-T jC 

CM rH 


2,508 
1,144 
967 
1,125 
556 
340 
866 


CO 

to 






•sgTjTiirejjo 
sp^gq Surpnpui *9aij-X; 

-JOJ J9pun 5g XTS-A^U9A\1 jo 


to Oi CO CO (M 

>o co h » k 
tj< in ■* ■* co 
tjTjCcn t}T 

CO i-i CM rH 


01 <c a n k 

CO <0 tO rH CO tO O 
1 ~1, '"t R, C 1 C ' :; ^ ^ 

vTcogmcmt-T <m" 


"5? 

CM 
CM 
V5 






•S9l[lUUl^ JO 

spugij Sutpnpui 'xrs-/C; 
-U9A\} jgpun pun U39;XTS jo 


O to O CO -O 
CO <C CM CO 00 
tO_ CN CM Q> O 

CO HO)H 


co cm 00 Tp^ n 
to cr. 'O 00 ts_ co cm 

CTl tO "O CN) CM *-0 iC5 
CM Of rH CM r-T t-T 


1^. 

'O 






•U99;xis jgpun pire ug; jo 


HCONCOH 
CM *-h <» Ci iO 
CO O »-0 rH C> 

CO r- ( tH 


H K "O (N VJ tH CO 

O) CO ^ w ^ >o <o 

"S? VO CO CT> O-l CO rH 
CM r-^ rH rH rH" 


CO 
CO 

oc" 
to 






•gSe jo sjt?9.<( U9^ aapuQ 


tO CM CM C?> CM 
CO Oi to O 
O. co rH to^ 

co" co" to" oT co" 

OHMCOO) 


CONOOCOtOOO) 

-^ h CO !M (O O K 
00^ CM -* O CM 00 -^ 
*C ■<* Co" t^ CM Cf 


00 
CM 

*o 








Names of the Dis- 
tricts and 
Territories. 


Dist. of N. Carolina, 
East Tennessee, 
West Tennessee, 
South-Carolina, 
Georgia, 


Ter. of Orleans, 

Mississippi, - 

Louisiana, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Michigan, 
[Dist. of Columbia, 









37 



CHAPTER VIII. 



New state of the world in consequence of the late peace in Europe— Pro- 
visions of the commercial convention with Great-Britain in 1815, and 
their operation on the commerce and navigation of the United States — 
Some of the late commercial regulations and duties of Russia, France, 
Great-Britain, &c— Navigation act passed by Congress in March, 1817 — 
Some of its provisions— Amount of exports of domestic and foreign arti- 
cles, to different nations and countries, in 1816— Amount of imports into 
the United States from all parts of the world, and from Great-Britain and 
dependencies, in 1815. 

The late termination of the long and terrible conflict in Europe 
has seriously affected the United States, as well as the rest of the 
world. In the course of its progress, it involved, at last, almost every 
civilized nation, and was of so long duration, and of such a character, 
as to have produced, in many respects, greater alterations in the po- 
litical, commercial, and moral state of nations, than any which history 
records. It commenced, almost, with the commencement of the pres- 
ent general government ; and, had it not been for the wisdom and 
prudence of a Washington, would probably, in that early stage of their 
national existence, have involved the United States. A state of 
neutrality was wisely decided upon, by those who were then at the 
head of the government, and for a long time adhered to. 

The local and neutral situation of the United States gave them 
great commercial advantages. The old colonial and commercial sys- 
tems of the European governments were, from necessity, either en- 
tirely abandoned, or in a great degree relaxed ; and the Americans 
were let in, as before stated, to no small share of the commerce of. 
the world. 



2<J2 

The late general peace, however, has changed the situation of the 
United States, in this respect ; and as the European nations are now- 
resorting to old commercial systems, or adopting such new regulations 
as are suited to their present commercial, as well as political inter- 
ests and views, it behooves the United States to look out for them- 
selves, and to adopt a system of policy, suited to their present state. 

If, in the course of a few years, such great political changes and 
revolutions have taken place ; if the French armies have been seen at 
Moscow, and the Russian Cossacks, before the walls of Paris ; it was 
to be expected, that great commercial changes would also be the 
result. 

While the general peace has confined France to its ancient limits, 
while it has enlarged the dominions and power of Austria, Prussia, 
and Holland, and extended the confines of the vast empire of Russia, 
on the side of Europe, to the Vistula ; it has left Great-Britain in pos- 
session of almost every place, which commands every sea. At the 
north of Europe, she has Heligoland, commanding the entrance of the 
Baltic, and the waters of the Elbe and Weser. In the Mediterra- 
nean, in addition to Gibraltar, she now has possession of Malta, as 
well as the command of the Ionian islands. The Cape of Good-Hope, 
the resting place to India, is also retained by her ; and the possession 
of the Isle of France, from whence her commerce was greatly annoy- 
ed during the late wars, gives her the command of the Indian Ocean. 
Further on towards India, she has the island of Ceylon, and in the ex- 
tensive regions of India, she has taken care, that no other power shall 
be her rival. By the treaty between her and France, the French 
are left in possession of Pondicherry, and one or two other places ; 
but the French military force is never to be increased in that quar- 
ter of the world. Towards the empire of China, she has the Prince 
of Wales' island, which commands the straits of Malacca, the princi- 
pal entrance to the Chinese seas. Her settlements in New South- 
Wales are increasing, and from this place, she can easily command 
the seas and islands in that quarter of the world. Of the islands con- 
quered from the French, in the West-Indies, Great-Britain retains 
Tobago and St. Lucia. The Dutch Colonies of Demarara, Essequi- 
bo and Berbice are also, by the treaty of 1814, to remain in her pos- 
session ; but the inhabitants of these Colonies are allowed, until tbe 



293 

year J 821, to use American or any other foreign vessels, with for- 
eign crews in their navigation, provided the bottoms are Dutch prop- 
erty. After 1821, their commerce must be carried on in Dutch or 
English built and navigated vessels. 

While the allied powers, in these great national arrangements, had 
in view the future tranquillity of Europe, it cannot be supposed, that 
their own particular interests were entirely disregarded. Great-Bri- 
tain was willing, her continental allies should increase their power by 
land, provided she could be permitted to increase hers by sea. What 
effect these arrangements may, hereafter, have upon the political and 
commercial state of the world, time must determine. They ought, 
however, not to pass unnoticed by those, whose duty it is to attend to 
the particular interests of the United States. 

The trade of the United States, with Great-Britain and her domin- 
ions, for many years past, and particularly in imports for consumption, 
has been as great, as with all the rest of the world. Notwithstanding 
this, since the year 1803, there has been no treaty regulating the in- 
tercourse between the two countries. The fate of the treaty negotia- 
ted in 1806 has been already noticed. 

On the 3d of July, 1815, "a convention to regulate the com- 
merce between the territories of the United States, and of his Brit- 
tannic Majesty," Was entered into, to be in force for four years, 
from its date. The second and principal article of this treaty provides 
for an equality of duties on imports and tonnage, in the ports of the 
United States, and the ports of the British territories in Europe • with 
respect to imports, the equality of duties is limited to articles, being 
the growth, produce, and manufacture of the respective countries. 
The intercourse, however, between the United States and the British 
West-Indies and American Colonies, is not to be affected by any pro- 
visions of the convention, " but each party is to remain in complete 
possession of its rights, with respect to such intercourse." 

The policy of this measure, as it respects the United States, has 
heretofore been doubted by many ; especially while the ports of 
the British West-Indies remain shut against American vessels. It has-, 
for a long time, however, been a favourite plan of the British cabinet. 
as being favourable to the interests of British navigation. 



When Congress, under the present constitution, first laid an addi- 
tional tonnage duty on all foreign vessels, and a discriminating duty 
on imports in foreign bottoms, the subject was referred by the British 
cabinet to the Lords of the Committee of Council, appointed for the 
consideration of all matters relating to trade and plantations. This 
committee, in January, 1791, made a report on this subject, and on 
the general subject of the commercial intercourse between the two 
countries. This report, drawn up by those who had a thorough 
knowledge of the subject, and with great minuteness of detail, clearly 
developes the British system of policy in their intercourse with the 
United States, previous to the late wars in Europe ; and is the foun- 
dation of the system adopted by the British cabinet, since the termi- 
nation of these wars. 

On the subject of a commercial treaty, particularly in reference to 
the interest of their navigation, the committee say, " After full con- 
sideration of all that has been offered on the subject of navigation, the 
committee think, that there is but one proposition, which it will be 
advisable for the Ministers of Great-Britain to make on this head, to 
the government of the United States, in any negotiation for a commer- 
cial treaty between the two countries, viz. — that British ships, tra- 
ding to the ports of the United States, shall be there treated, with respect 
to the duties of tonnage and imports, in like manner as the ships of the 
United States shall be treated in the ports of Great- Britain." The 
committee add, — " If Congress should propose, (as they certainly 
will,) that this principle of equality should be extended to the ports 
of our Colonies and Islands, and that the ships of the United States 
should be there treated as British ships, it should be answered, that 
this demand cannot be admitted, even as a subject of negotia- 
tion."* 

By the treaty of November. 1794, this equality of duties was not 
agreed to, and Great-Britain reserved to herself the right of imposing 
on American vessels in British ports in Europe, a tonnage duty equal 
to that imposed on British vessels in American ports, and also a right 
to impose a duty on imports, in vessels of the United States, sufficient 
to countervail the discriminating duty. 

* See Acheson's collection of reports, 8cc. on the navigation and trade of 
Great-Britain, 1807. 



295 

In pursuance of this right, a duty of two shillings sterling per ton 
was imposed on American vessels, entering British ports ; and by 
acts of Parliament, passed in 1797, and in 1802, additional duties 
on articles of American growth, imported in American vessels, were 
imposed, which were supposed to be more than sufficient to counter- 
vail the discriminating duties. Subsequent to the peace of Amiens, 
an act of Parliament was passed, proposing an abolition of the duties 
and countervailing duties, permitted under the treaty of 1794. 

This act was laid before Congress, by the President, on the 15th 
of December, 1802, and the committee of commerce and manufactures 
to whom the subject was referred, made a report in favour of abolish- 
ing the discriminating duties ; but the report was not accepted by 
Congress. The limitation of this equality of duties, to British ports 
in Europe* was supposed to favour British navigation, by giving their 
ships, the advantage of two or three freights in the circuitous trade, 
with their West-India possessions. In a report, made by the commit- 
tee of council, acting as a board of trade, as early as 1784, the advan- 
tages of this circuitous trade are thus stated — " The committee also 
state, that it has been observed to them, that the owners of British 
vessels, concerned in the West-India trade, have long laboured under 
great disadvantages, from the difficulty of procuring outward freights 
for their vessels ; but that now, by going first to North-America, and 
from thence to the West-Indies, and so home, they will be sure of two 
freights, and perhaps three, instead of little more than one ; and it is 
alleged, that they will reap this benefit with very small additional" 
charges in the payment of seamen's wages and port duties." The 
committee of council, in the report of 1791, above referred to, on the 
same subject, also say, " Many vessels now go from the ports of 
Great-Britain, carrying British manufactures to the United States, 
then load with lumber and provisions for the British islands in the 
West-Indies, and return with the produce of those islands, to Great- 
Britain. The whole of this branch of freight may also be considered 
as a new acquisition, and was attained by your Majesty's order in 
council before mentioned." By this order, American vessels were 
excluded from the British West-Indies, " which has operated to the 
increase of British navigation, compared to that of the United States, 
in a double ratio ; but it has taken from the navigatim. of the United 



S96 

States, more than it has added to that of Great-Britain." By the 
commercial convention of 1815, the American government have met 
the wishes of the British cabinet on this subject. 

The British government now enforce their colonial system with 
great rigour ; of course, British vessels have the anticipated ad- 
vantages of this circuitous trade. The consequences are now felt by 
the American ship owner ; and this, among other general causes, has 
tended to the depression of American shipping. British vessels, 
freighted with British products and manufactures, can now come to 
the United States, on the same footing with American vessels, take in 
a cargo of flour, lumber, &c. for the West-Indies, and then, either re- 
turn directly to Great-Britain, or bring a West-India cargo to the 
United States, and return home, laden with American cotton, tobac- 
co, rice, naval stores, &c. With these advantages on the side of the 
British, it is said, that they can underbid the American ship owner. 
in freight, in that part of the voyage, in which alone, the latter is per- 
mitted to participate. To remedy this, Congress have an undoubted 
right to prohibit all intercourse whatever, between the British 
West-Indies and the United States ; or to impose on British vessels 
and cargoes, coming from them, additional tonnage and other duties. 
By acts passed by Congress, in the winter of 1817, British vessels 
from the West-Indies are now subject to a duty of two dollars per 
ton ; and it rests with Congress, hereafter to impose such other addi- 
tional restrictions on this trade, as will tend to give to American ves- 
sels, even those advantages, which were supposed to be secured to 
them, by the convention of 1815. The tonnage of British vessels, 
entering the ports of the United States, in 1815, amounted to one 
hundred forty-two thousand seven hundred and ten. 

While this convention places American and British vessels on an 
equal footing in British European ports ; British commercial regula- 
tions and duties, in respect to many articles exported from the United 
States, have rendered that equality merely nominal ; particularly the 
articles of masts, spars, hewn timber, and lumber of all kinds. These, 
if imported into Great Britain, from her North-American Colonies, 
(and they can only be imported from them, in British bottoms,) pay 
a comparatively small duty ; but the duty on the same articles if im- 



29? 

ported from the United States, either in British or American bot 
toms, is so high, as to amount to a prohibition. 

The consequence is, that American timber, lumber, and various 
other articles, are first carried to the British neighbouring Colonies, 
and from thence to Great-Britain and elsewhere, in British vessels ; 
which thus receive the whole benefit of the freight, on these bulky ar- 
ticles. 

The British North- American Colonies have also, occasionally, en- 
couraged the importation of these and some other articles, from the 
United States, by permitting them to come in, dutyfree. 

By an order in council, in Canada, of the 29th of May, 1815, " all 
kinds of wood and lumber, seeds and grain, of every sort, all kinds 
of provisions and live stock, flour, pot and pearl-ashes, furs, skins, pig 
iron and tallow, may be imported duty free." By proclamations of 
the governours of Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, dated February 
6th, 1816, to be in force for three months from that date, " horses, 
neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, beards, heading, hoops, plank, scant- 
ling, shingles, and square timber, are admitted duty free." 

The operation of these duties and regulations, on the destination of 
many valuable articles exported from the United States, is already 
manifest. In 1816, the value of articles of domestic produce, expor- 
ted to the British North- American Colonies, was $3,323,182, an 
amount nearly three times as great, as in any former year, when 
trade was free. Among the articles thus exported, were masts and 
spars, of the value of $166,203 ; also, thirteen thousand one hundred 
and seventy-seven tons of hewn timber ; about four millions seven 
hundred and twenty-one thousand feet of boards and plank ; and one 
hundred fourteen thousand live hundred and thirty-two barrels of flour. 
The value of masts and spars exported to all parts of the world, du- 
ring the same year, was only $195,513. 

The Colonies of Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick have lately also 
prohibited the exportation of plaster of paris, to any place in the Uni- 
ted States, north or east of Cape-Cod. The object of this regulation 
is, to secure to British vessels, the carriage of this bulky article, to 
its ultimate place of destination in the United States ; and its imme- 
diate effect is, to depress American shipping. This measure has been, 
very promptly and very properly, met by the American government, 



298 

by an act of the 3d Blarch, 1817, prohibiting, after the 4th of July suc- 
ceeding, the importation of plaster of paris into any port of the Uni- 
ted States, for five years from the 31st of January, of the same year ; 
the prohibition to be discontinued by the President, on the removal 
of the Colonial restrictions. While by the constitution of the United 
States, " no preference can be given by any regulation of commerce 
or revenue, to the ports of one State, over those of another," Congress 
could not, for a moment, suffer a foreign nation to do that, which they 
themselves had no power to do. 

It was our intention to have collected and noticed most of the reg- 
ulations adopted, and duties imposed, by the nations of Europe, since 
the general peace, which might affect the commerce and navigation of 
the United States ; but the difficulty of procuring authentic informa- 
tion on this subject has prevented. It may be noticed, however, that 
in Russia, a new tariff of customs was established by an Ukase of his 
imperial majesty, dated the 31st of March, 1816. 

Importations into the Russian empire are allowed by sea, in the 
following ports, viz. — St. Petersburg, Rivel, Riga, Liebau, Archan- 
gel, Odessa, Fedosia, and Taganroc. 

Cotton may be imported into Russia, duty free, but subject to a 
quarantine duty. Tobacco for smoking pays a duty of two silver ru- 
bles per pood, and rice a duty of fifteen copecs per pood. The port 
of Odessa, on the Black-Sea, has been made a free port, for thirty 
years ; and all foreign articles, (except spiritous liquors,) may be im- 
ported into it duty free. By a general tariff of duties established 
in France, April 26th, 1816, the duties imposed on cotton, tobacco, 
and rice, imported in French or foreign vessels, was as follows, viz. : 
cotton, imported from French Colonies, pays ten francs for one 
hundred killogramms, (about one cent per pound English ;) from Tur- 
key in French vessels, fifteen francs, and in foreign vessels, twenty- 
five franks ; long staple cotton, from countries out of Europe, pays forty, 
and from entrepots in Europe, fifty francs in French bottoms ; and from 
the same places in foreign bottoms, fifty -five francs ; short staple cotton, 
from India, fifteen, from other countries except Europe, twenty, and 
from entrepots in Europe, thirty francs, if in French vessels; and 
from the same places in foreign vessels, thirty-five francs. Cotton- 
yam is prohibtted. Tobacco can only be imported, pour la regie* 



299 

(for the administration ;) and if in French vessels, is free, and in for- 
eign vessels, is subject to a duty often francs for one hundred killo- 
gramms. Rice, from India, pays one franc ; from other countries ex- 
cept Europe, two francs ; from entrepots in Europe, and from the 
Mediterranean, four francs if in French vessels, and from the same 
places in foreign vessels, seven francs. 

The European nations, owning distant colonies, have generally, 
since the peace, returned to their old systems of Colonial policy. 
Great-Britain not only excludes American vessels from her Colonial 
ports, but has also prohibited the introduction of American produce 
into them, through foreign Colonies, except in cases of necessity. 
The ports of Hamilton and St. George, in the Bermuda Islands, 
have indeed been declared free ports to a certain extent, and it is un- 
derstood that tobacco, pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp, flax, masts, yards, 
bowsprits, all kinds of lumber, bread, biscuit, flour, peas, beans, po- 
tatoes, rice, oats, barley, and grain of all sorts, horses, neat cattle, 
sheep, hogs, poultry, and live stock, the produce of the United States, 
may be imported into these ports, in any foreign vessel, belonging to 
any country in amity with Great-Britain ; and that sugar and coffee 
may be exported in vessels above sixty tons burthen. The situation 
of the Bermudu Islands, and the limited extent of their market, being 
merely places of entrepot, must necessarily give the British merchant 
a complete control of the market, and the intercourse allowed can 
give but little aid to American commerce and navigation. By the 
convention of 1815, vessels of the United States, in the course of 
their voyage to and from the British territories in India, or to or from 
China, are allowed to touch at the Cape of Good-Hope, or such other 
places, as may be in possession of Great-Britain in the African or In- 
dian Seas, for refreshment, but not for commerce. 

By an ordinance of the governour of Guadaloupe, of the 28th of 
October, 1C16, foreign vessels are admitted into the ports of Basse- 
tere, and Point Petre, and the same articles are admitted from for- 
eign countries, as are mentioned in the o ! d arret of the French gov- 
ernment, of the 30th of August, 1784, before noticed in Chapter VI. 
Foreign salt-pork is ako, by this ordinance, provisionally admitted- 
The productions of Europe, and French manufactures, as well as the 
articles permitted to be imported by the arret of the 30th of August, 



300 

1784, may be exported from the Colony, free of any duty, in French 
or foreign vessels, with the exception of such articles of necessity, as 
the governour may think the wants of the Colony may require. 
French merchandize, coming directly from a port in France, is sub- 
jected to a duty of two and a half per cent, ad valorem ; foreign 
merchandize and productions, to a duty of three per cent, ad valo- 
rem, on their importation ; and if imported in French vessels, the 
same are subject to a duty of only one and a half per cent, ad valo- 
rem. 

Beasts, imported for the purpose of agriculture or the butcheries, 
coming from a foreign country, are admitted duty free ; if imported as 
articles of luxury, to pay three per cent, in foreign vessels, and in 
French vessels one and a half per cent. 

Beef, pork, and cod-fish, imported from a foreign country, are sub- 
ject to a duty of three francs per quintal. 

Rum and molasses pay an export duty of three percent, in foreign 
vessels, and in French vessels, going to a foreign country , one and a 
half per cent. These general regulations are occasionally relaxed ; 
and in consequence of the disasters from the hurricane, in September, 
1816, the importation of foreign flour and meal, (articles generally 
prohibited,) was permitted until February 1st, 1817; and the ex- 
portation of sugar has been allowed, in certain quantities, and for 
certain periods. 

By the late regulations of the Dutch government, the intercourse 
qetween the United States, and the present Dutch West-India pos- 
sessions, is re-established on the same footing, as it was before the 
year 1795. The articles, therefore, now allowed, to be imported, 
into Surinam, from the United States, are timber, cattle of every de- 
scription, dried and salted fish, tobacco, flour, peas and beans, and 
other articles, (dried and salted pork and beef excepted.) The pro- 
ductions of the Colonies, (sugar, cotton, coffee and cocoa excepted,) 
are permitted to be exported in foreign vessels, on paying five per 
<;ent. in and outward duties on all the articles above enumerated. 

The new state of Europe, occasioned by the general peace, has 
made it necessary for the United States to adopt some permanent 
regulations, tending to secure the great interests of their commerce 
and navigation. Previous to the session of Congress, hoklen in the 



301 

winter of 1817, no act had passed, which could be called a naviga- 
tion act. . Before that time, the captain or commander only of an 
American commercial vessel was required to be an American citi- 
zen ; and foreign articles might, before that period, be imported in 
foreign vessels, from any country. 

On the 1st day of March, 1817, an act was passed, entitled " An 
act concerning the navigation of the United States." The first ob- 
ject of the act is, to increase the number of real American seamen, 
and the second, to secure employment for these seamen. 

To attain the first object, the act provides, that after the 30th day 
oP September, 1817, no vessel or boat engaged in the fisheries shall 
be entitled to the bounties and allowances, allowed by law, unless the 
officers, and at least three fourths of the crew, shall be citizens of the 
United States, or persons not the subjects of any foreign prince or 
state ; and that every vessel of the United States employed after that 
time, in the coasting trade, (except those going from one State to an 
adjoining State, on the sea-coast, or on a navigable river or lake, or 
going from Long-Island, in the State of New- York, to the State of 
Rhode-Island, or from the State of Rhode-Island, to the said Long-Isl- 
and,) shall be subject to a duty of fifty cents per ton, unless three 
fourths, at least, of the crew are American citizens, or persons not the 
subjects of any foreign prince or state. The same act, also, further 
provides, that after the same 30th day of September, there shall be 
paid, upon every ship or vessel of the United States, entered in the 
United States, from any foreign port or place, fifty cents per ton, un- 
less the officers, and at least two thirds of the crew thereof, shall be 
proved citizens of the United States, or persons not the subjects of 
any foreign prince or state, to the satisfaction of the collector. The 
above proportion of American seamen to continue during the whole 
voyage, unless in case of sickness, death, or desertion, or where the 
whole, or a part of the crew, shall have been taken prisoners during 
the voyage. 

This part of the act, if carried into . effect, must afford encourage- 
ment to American seamen and in any future war in Europe ; will, in 
a great degree, prevent those difficulties, which the United States ex- 
perienced during the late wars. The maritime regulations, long since 
adopted by most of the nations in Europe, contain nearly similar 



302 

provisions. By the laws of Great-Britain, in time of peace, three 
fourths of the crews of British vessels, employed in foreign voyages, 
must be British subjects, but in time of war one fourth only. The 
proportion of French subjects, required to navigate French vessels, in 
foreign voyages, by the ordinance of France, has varied at different 
times, from two thirds to three fourths. By the regulations of the 
maritime nations of the north of Europe, a major part at least, of the 
crew, must be the subjects of the country, to which the vessel belongs. 
To secure employment to American vessels and seamen, the sec- 
ond object of the act, it provides, that after the 30th of September, 
1817, no goods shall be imported, from any foreign port or place, ex- 
cept in vessels of the United States, or in such foreign vessels, as 
truly and wholly belong to the citizens or subjects of that country, of 
which the goods are the growth, production, or manufacture, or from 
which., such goods can only be, or most usually are, first shipped for 
transportation ; with a proviso, " that this regulation shall not extend 
to the vessels of any foreign nation, which has not adopted a similar 
regulation. 1 ' In consequence of the proviso, the act extends only to 
those nations, who prohibit American vessels from carrying to their 
ports, articles not the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United 
States. It is believed that only Great-Britain, Sweden, and the 
Grand Duchy of Finland, (lately annexed to Russia,) have similar 
regulations. As it respects these countries, therefore, this part of the 
act may be considered merely retaliatory. While by their regulations, 
American vessels are not permitted to carry to their ports foreign 
goods, this law prohibits the vessels of these countries, from bringing 
foreign goods to the ports of the United States. The local situation 
of the United States, and past experience, furnish strong reasons, why 
the act should not extend further. When the European nations shall 
be at war, and particularly if Great-Britain be a party, no nation can 
carry colonial and other products so cheap as the United States. 
And even in time of peace, it is believed, they can carry as cheap as 
any other nation. And there can be little doubt, that at all times, the 
American trade in foreign articles, or those not the produce of the 
United Stales, with foreign countries, to which they are now permit- 
ted to be carried, will be much greater than the trade of these coun- 
tries, in articles not of their produce, will be with the United States. 



303 

In the year 1816, the United States exported foreign articles, and prin- 
cipally in their own vessels, to the amount of more than J 17,000,000; 
and it is not believed, that, during that year, foreign vessels brought to 
the United States, foreign goods, or goods not the produce of the 
countries, to which the vessels belonged, to the amount of one fifth of 
that sum ; in addition to this, many foreign articles were carried in 
American vessels, directly to foreign countries, without first coming to 
the United States. The difference may not be so great hereafter ; 
but while this difference exists in favour of the United States, it would 
be impolitic, by a general law, to invite, and perhaps compel other na- 
tions, to adopt retaliatory regulations, and thereby increase their own 
navigation, at the expense of the navigation of the United States. 

While the value of imports into the United States, since the termi- 
nation of the late war between them and Great-Britain, has been unu- 
sually great, the value of exports, of domestic produce, has also been 
greater than usual. 

In 1816, the value of domestic produce exported, as stated in a pre- 
ceding chapter, was nearly $65,000,000, and of foreign produce 
more than $17,000,000. The exports, for 1816, according to the 
custom-house books, were destined to the following countries, viz. — 



Russia, 

Sweden, 

Swedish West-Indies, 





Total value to 


Domestic 


Foreign the dominions 


Produce. 


Produce, of each power. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. Dolls. 


181,101 


525,783 



240,387 
261,678 



140,346 
117,941 



J 06 .884 



Denmark and Norway, 
Danish West-Indies, 



502,065 258,287 



364,768 
681,948 



119,434 
174,502 



760,352 



1,046,716 293,936 



1,340,652 



304 



Holland, 

Dutch West-Indies, and 
American Colonies, 

Dutch East-Indies, 



England, Man, and Berwick, 

Scotland, 

Ireland, 

Gurnsey, Jersey, Sark, and ) 

Alderney, $ 

Gibraltar, 
British East-Indies, 
British West-Indies, 
Newfoundland, and British ) 

Fisheries, $ 

British American Colonies, 



Hanse Towns, and parts of 
Germany, 

French European ports on 

the Atlantic, 
Do. do. Mediterranean, 
Bourbon and Mauritius, 
French West-Indies, and ) 
American Colonies, $ 







Total value to 


Domestic 


Foreign 


the dominions 


Produce. 


Produce. 


of each power. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


3,325,429 


1,940,358 




193,788 


72,550 




29,922 


47,477 





3,549,139 



5,609,524 



24,760,343 


537,893 




1,903,558 


6,813 




2,686,906 


240 




50,404 


3,976 




1,442,659 


620,228 




66,758 


554,156 




3,073,589 


89,355 




24,909 


16,806 




3,323,182 


22,783 




}7,332,308 


1,852,250 


39,184,558 






2,368,287 


1,166,213 


3,534,500 






6,969,870 


1,902,864 




382,806 


319,796 




119,167 


183,321 




1,483,891 


773,420 





8,955,734 3,182,401 



12,138,135 



305 

Total value to 

i Domestic Foreign the dominions 

Produce. Produce, of each power 

Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 

Spanish ports on the Atlantic, 1,676,010 201,689 

Do. do. Mediterranean, 216,145 111,403 

Teneriffe,& the other Canaries, 325,069 106,237 

Manilla, and Philippine Islands, 181 3,042 

Floridas, - - - 90,182 16,497 

Honduras, Campeachy, &c. 50,271 12,380 

Spanish West-Indies, and/ 3,048,386 

American Colonies, $ r > ' ' 



5,090,084 3,499,634 



Portugal, - 

Madeira, 

Fayal and the other Azores, 

Cape De Verd Islands, 

Other African ports, 

Coast of Brazil and other ) M 9 ^ 

American Colonies, \ ' 



1,237,587 


15,158 


353,342 


88,225 


35,860 


34,075 


43,620 


38,541 


10,572 


. 



1,943,470 326,919 



Italy and Malta, - 324,929 1,233,349 



Trieste, and other Austrian ) g« ^oq 232 143 

ports in the Adriatic, $ 



Turkey, Levant, Egypt, Mo- ) 39QQ 4QS3B 

cha, and Adon, $ 

Morocco and Barbary States, - - 10,824 

China, - - - 221,542 813,222 

39 



8,589,718 



2,270,389 
1,558,278 

295,528 

44,331 

10,824 

1,034,764 



306 



Total value to 



Asia, (generally) 


Domestic 
Produce. 

Dolls. 

182,457 


Foreign the dominions 
Produce, of each power. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

511,905 


West-Indies, do. 


1,803,027 


488,070 


2,291,097 

1,375,284 

237,199 

3,111 

240,962 

$8 1,920,452 


Europe, do. 


963,876 


411,408 


Africa, do. 


126,400 


110,799 


South-Seas, 


2,408 


703 


North-West Coast of America, 120,977 


119,985 




$64,781,896 $i 


17,138,556 



Nearly one half of the whole exports went to Great-Britain and her 
dominions, during the year 1816. The value of imports into the 
United States, from all parts of the world, from January 1st, to De- 
cember 31st, 1815, was calculated, as before stated, at more than 
$ 133,000,000 ; and the value of imports from Great-Britain and de- 
pendencies alone, was more than $82,000,000, leaving about 
$50,000,000 from all other countries. The amount of imports from 
Great-Britain, from obvious causes, was much larger, during the years 
1815, and 1816, than they will be in future, inordinary times ; yet 
the United States have been, and still continue to be, the best custom- 
er of the British manufacturer. 

More than one half of all the imports into the United States, for con- 
sumption, have come from the dominions of Great-Britain ; a small 
part only of woollens and cottons come from any other country, in 
1815, the amount of goods imported, paying ad valorem duties, (in- 
cluding woollens and cottons,) was about $86,000,000, of which 
about $71,000,000 was imported from Great-Britain and dependen- 
cies. 



CHAPTER IX. 



Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Funded, and 
on what terms— Sinking Fund — Increase or decease of the debt at differ- 
ent periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at the time of the declar- 
ation of the late war between the United States and Great -Britain — Its 
increase since — Amount and terms of the late loans, and issues of Treas- 
ury Notes — Sketch of the national debt and sinking fund of Great-Britain, 

We have before stated, that in April, 1783, the debt of the Unit- 
ed States (exclusive of the State debts) was estimated at $42,000,375 
and that from time to time, to the commencement of the present go- 
vernment, a small part only of the interest of this sum was paid. 
The attention of the first Congress was early called to the subject of 
supporting public credit, and of making provision for the payment 
of the public debt. The first House of Representatives, under the 
constitution, directed the Secretary of the Treasury to prepare and 
report a plan for the support of public credit. The Secretary, in 
pursuance of such direction, made a report on the subject, the 9th of 
January, 1790, which afterwards became the basis of the various 
laws passed by congress for funding and paying the public debt. 
By this report, the whole debt of the United States, foreign and 
domestic, liquidated and unliquidated, was estimated at $54,124,464 
and 56 cents. 

The principal of the foreign debt, was - $10,070,307 
Arrears of interest to the last day of December, 
1789, ..... 1,640,071 62 



$11,710,378 62 



308 

The foreign debt consisted of loans from governments and individ- 
uals in Europe, as follows, viz. — 

CAPITAL SUMS BORROWED. 

Livres. Dolls. Cts. 

Of the royal French treasury, on interest 
at five per cent. - - 24,000,000 

In Holland, guaranteed by the French 
court, at four per cent. - - 10,000,000 



Livres 34,000,000 6,296,296 

Of the royal Spanish treasury, at five per 
cent. - 174,011 

Florins. 
Lenders in Holland, 
first loan, five per cent. - 5,000,000 

second loan, four per cent. - - 2,000,000 
third loan, five per cent. - 1,000,000 

fourth loan, five percent. - - 1,000,000 



9,000,000 3,600,000 



$10,070,307 

ARREARAGES OF INTEREST TO 31 ST DECEMBER, 1789. 
ON THE FRENCH LOAN. 

Livres. Dolls. Cts. 
1789, Jan. 1, 5 yrs. interest on the 6,000,000 

at five per cent. - - 277,777 77 

Sept. 3, six years interest on the 18,000,000 

at five per cent. - - - 999,999 96 

Nov. 5, four years interest on the 10,000,000 

at four per cent. - - - 296,296 



309 

ON THE SPANISH LOAN. 

Dolls. Cts. 
Arrearages on the Spanish loan of $174,01 1 

to 21st March, 1782, at 5 per ct. - 5,093 27 
March 21, seven years interest on do. 60,904 62 

1,640,07162 



$11, 710,378 62 



The principal of the liquidated domestic debt was $27,383,917 74 
The; arrears of interest, to the end of 1790, 

amount to - 13,030,168 20 



$40,414,085 94 
The unliquidated debt was estimated at - 2,000,000 



Making together, - - - $54,124,464 56 

The state debts, including interest, were estimated at $25,000,000. 
In this report, the Secretary recommends to Congress an assumption 
of the debts, with like provision for payment as the debts of the 
union, as " a measure of sound policy and substantial justice." If 
the United States should assume the state debts, the whole debt, to be 
provided for by the general government, would amount to about se- 
venty-nine millions of dollars, and the annual interest to $4,587,444 
and 81 cents, as estimated in the report. 

It was doubted by the Secretary, whether, in addition to the other 
expenses of the government, it was in the power of the United States 
" to make a secure and effectual provision for so large a sum, on the 
terms of the original contracts." On this subject he says " the in- 
teresting problem now occurs: Is it in the power of the United 
States, consistently with those prudential considerations, which ought 
not to be overlooked, to make provision equal to the purpose of fund- 
ing the whole debt, at the rates of interest which it now bears, in ad- 
dition to the sum which will be necessary for the current service of 
the government ? 



310 

" The Secretary will not say that such a provision would exceed 
the abilities of this country ; but he is clearly of opinion, that to 
make it, would require the extension of taxation to a degree, and to 
objects, which the true interest of the public forbids. It is therefore 
to be hoped, and even to be expected, that they will cheerfully con- 
cur in such modifications of their claims, on fair and equitable princi- 
ples, as will facilitate to the government an arrangement substantial, 
durable, and satisfactory to the community. It will not be forgotten, 
that exigencies may, ere long, arise, which would call for resources, 
greatly beyond what is now deemed sufficient for the current service ; 
and that should the faculties of the country be exhausted or even 
strained to provide for the public debt, there could be less reliance 
on the sacredness of the provision. 

"But while the Secretary yields to the force of these considera- 
tions, he doe# not lose si^ht of those fundamental principles of good 
faith, which dictate, that every practicable exertion ought to be 
made, scrupulously to fulfil the engagements of the government ; 
that no change in the rights of it> citizens ought to be attempted 
without their voluntary consent ; and that this consent ought to be 
voluntary in fact, as well as in name. Consequently, that every pro- 
posal of a change ought to be in the shape of an appeal to their rea- 
son and to their interest ; not to their necessities. To this end it is 
requisite, that a fair equivalent should be offered for what may be ask- 
ed to be given up, and unquestionable security for the remainder. 
Without this, an alteration, consistently with the credit and honour of 
the nation, would be impracticable." 

With these views, he submitted to the consideration of Congress, va- 
rious plans and propositions for the modification, security, and pay- 
ment of the domestic debt. The main object of all his propositions 
was either to lower the rate cf interest, or to postpone the payment of 
the interest, on a part of the principal to a distant day, with the con- 
sent of the creditors themselves. On the 14th of August, 1790, Con- 
gress passed " an act making provision for the debt of the United 
States." This act proposed a loan of the whole of the domestic debt. 
The terms of the loan were, that two thirds of the principal of the 
debt subscribed should draw an interest of six per cent, per annum, 
from and after the first day of January, 1791, and the remaining 



311 

third of the principal, to draw the same interest, from and after the 
year 1800 ; the interest on both to be payable quarter yearly ; and 
that so much of the debt subscribed, as consisted of arrears of interest, 
should, from and after the first day of January, 1791, bear an interest 
of three per cent. 

By the same act, Congress assumed twenty-one and a half millions 
of the debts of the several states ; and the sums assumed were ap- 
portioned to each state. This sum was also to be loaned to the 
United States, by the individuals who held certain evidences of state 
debts, on the following terms, viz. Each subscriber to be entitled to 
one certificate for the sum equal to four ninths of the sum subscribed, 
bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, commencing the first 
day of January, 1792 ; to another certificate for a sum equal to two 
ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of six percent, after 
the year 1800 ; and to a third certificate, for a sum equal to three 
ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of three per cent, 
from the first day of January, 1792. This act was, at first, limited 
to one year, but was afterwards extended until the whole of the as- 
sumed debt was subscribed, and nearly the whole of the domestic debt 
of the United States. On the 31st day of December, 1794, the amount 
of the domestic or original debt of the United States, which was sub- 
scribed and funded according to the provisions of law, (including the 
debt standing to the credit of individual states, being balances found 
due to them on a final settlement of accounts between them and the 
United States, and including also, that which, previous to that time, 
had been purchased by the commissioners of the sinking fund,) was 
as follows, viz. 

Six per cent, stock, - - - $20,925,894 39 

Deferred stock, * - - - 10,462,947 61 

Three per cent, stock, - - - 13,394,280 01 

The amount of funded assumed debt, (including 
that purchased or redeemed by the commissioners of 



312 

the sinking fund,) on the last day of December, 
1794, was as follows, viz. — 

Six per cent, stock, - - - $8, 120,836 23 
Deferred stock, .... 4,060,417 84 

Three per cent, stock, - - - 6,090,560 67 

Making in the whole six per cent, stock, - $29,046, 730 62 

Deferred stock, - - 14,523,365 45 

Three per cent, stock, - 19.484,840 68 



$63,054,936 75 
Redeemed by purchase, - - - 2,265,022 57 



Total due, December 31st, 1794* $60,789,914 18 

The total amount of the unredeemed debt of the United States, both 
foreign and domestic, and the particulars of which it consisted, on 
the 31st day of December, 1794, was as follows, viz. — 

Foreign debt, - - $14,599,129 35 

Deduct instalments of foreign debt 
in the year 1795, to be paid 
out of proceeds of foreign 
loans, - - 853,750 



13,745,379 35 



Funded domestic debt, viz. 
1. Arising from original domestic 
debt, subscribed to loan pro- 
posed by funding act, 

Stock bearing present inter- 
est of six per cent. - $17,912,138 01 

Stock bearing a future inter- 
est of six per cent. - 8,538,228 97 
Stock bearing interest of 
• three per cent. - - 12,275,347 55 

* See Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1795. 



313 



2. Arising from state debts assumed, 

Stock bearing present inter- 
est of six per cent - $7,908,374 19 

Stock bearing a future inter- 
est of six per cent. - 3,940,608 96 

Stock bearing an interest of 
three per cent. - 5,994,115 70 



3. Arising from balances to creditor 



states, 

Stock bearing present inter- 



est of six per cent. 


2,345,050 




Stock bearing a future inter- 






est of six per cent. 


1,172,528 




Stock bearing an interest of 






three per cent. 


703,516 


80 

fiO 789 qt4 18 








Unsubscribed debt, viz. 






Principal, exclusive of loan 






office certificates, bearing inter- 






est, on nominal value, 


$1,072,583 


40 


Interest thereupon, including 






indents, 


452,826 


74 


Principal of loan office certi- 






ficates, bearing interest on no- 






minal sum, 


27,937 




Interest thereupon, 


7,830 


1 nfil 17o 14 









Total of unredeemed debt, - - $76,096,468 67 

This is exclusive of a sum of $1,400,000 due to the bank of the 
United States, on account of the loan of $2,000,000 had of that in- 
stitution, pursuant to the eleventh section oi' the act by which it is 
incorporated, and which is not included in the mass of the debt, be- 
cause it is more than counter-baianced, by a greater value in stock. 

40 



314 

It is also exclusive of those loans, which are temporary anticipations 
of the revenue. 

The United States, by the terms of the loan, reserved to them- 
selves the right of paying the six per cent, and deferred stock, in any 
sum, not exceeding eight per cent, per annum, both on account of 
principal and interest ; and the three per cents, were redeemable at 
the pleasure of the United States. 

The Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of January, 1790, on 
the subject of funding the debt, proposes not only that funds be ap- 
propriated for the punctual payment of the interest, but that perma- 
nent funds be also provided for the ultimate extinguishment of the 
debt itself. 

On this subject he says, " Persuaded as the Secretary is, that the 
proper funding of the present debt will render it a national blessing ; 
yet he is so far from acceding to the position, in the latitude it is 
sometimes laid down, that ' public debts are public blessings,' a posi- 
tion inviting to prodigality and liable to danger and abuse, that he ar- 
dently wishes to see incorporated, as a fundamental maxim, in the sys- 
tem of public credit of the United States, that the creation of a debt 
should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment. 
This he regards as the true secret for rendering public credit immor- 
tal — and he presumes that it is difficult to conceive a situation in 
which there may not be adherence to the maxim. At least, he 
feels an unfeigned solicitude, that this may be attempted by the 
United States, and that they may commence their measures for the 
establishment of credit, with the observance of it." 

In pursuance of these views of the Secretary, provision was made 
by law first for the punctual payment of the interest of this debt, and 
afterwards for the reimbursement and redemption of the principal j 
and funds were appropriated and pledged for those purposes. 

Prior to the year 1795, the permanent duties on imported articles, 
the tonnage duties, the duties on spirits distilled within the United 
States, and on stills, after reserving out of the same, $G00,000 per 
annum, for the support of the government of the United States, and 
their common defence, were appropriated and pledged — 

1st. For the payment of the interest on foreign loans. 



315 

2d. For the payment of the interest on stock created by the loan of 
the domestic or original debt of the United States. 

3d. For the payment of the interest of the assumed debt. 

4th. For the payment of the interest on the balances due to the credi- 
tor states. 

These appropriations had priorities according to the order in 
which they are enumerated.' 

A fund was also created, previous to the year 1795, for the re- 
demption of the debt, which was called " the sinking fund," and was 
placed under the management of the President of the Senate, the Chief 
Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the 
Attorney-General for the time being, who were called Commissioners 
of " the sinking fund.'' This fund consisted — 

1st. Of the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of 

the year 1790. 
2d. The proceeds of loans, not exceeding $2,000,000, authorized to 

be borrowed for that purpose. 
3d. The interest on the public debt, purchased, redeemed, or paid 

into the treasury, together with the surplusses, if any, of monies 

appropriated for interest. 
4th. The avails of the public lands. 

This fund was to be applied by the Commissioners, with the ap- 
probation of the President of the United States, as follows, viz. : — 

1st. To purchases of the debt, till the fund is equal to two per cent, 
of the outstanding stock, then bearing an interest of six percent. 

2d. To the redemption of that stock ; and lastly, to purchases of any 
unredeemed residue of the public debt. 

There was reserved, however, out of this fund, a sum not exceed- 
ing eight percent, per annum, towards the payment of interest, and 
reimbursing of the principal of the loans made for purchases of the 
debt. The amount of the debt purchased by the Commissioners of 
the sinking fund up to December 31st, .1794, was $2,265,022 and 
56 cent?. 



31G 

On the VJih of November, 1794, President Washington, in his 
speech to Congress, at the opening of their session, recommended 
that further provision be made for the security of public credit, and 
the ultimate redemption of the public debt, in the following words : — 

" The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fis- 
cal measures has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open 
the way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt. 
It is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to 
consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote 
the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more 
grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our 
system of public credit cannot be benefited by procrastination ; and 
as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds 
which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumu- 
lation of debt, which must untimately endanger all governments." 

The Secretary of the Treasury, according with the views of the 
President on this subject, on the 16th of January, 1795, submitted to 
Congress, a plan for the further support of public credit. This plan, 
drawn up with great ability, recommended the adoption of a perma- 
nent system for the ultimate extinguishment of the whole debt of the 
United States. For this purpose, he proposed an increase of the 
sinking fund, by adding thereto duties on imports and tonnage, on 
spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, the avails of 
the sales of public lands, the dividends on bank stock belonging to 
the United States, and the interest of the money which should be re- 
deemed, and that there should be appropriated to the same fund, all 
monies, which should be received from debts due to the United 
States, antecedent to the present constitution, and all surplusses of the 
amount of revenue of the United States, which should remain at the 
end of any calendar year, beyond the amount o( the appropriations 
charged upon them, and which, during the session ot Congress com- 
mencing next thereafter, should not be specially appropriated. That 
this fund be applied to the payment and redemption of the six per 
cent, and deferred stock, (excluding that standing to the credit of the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, and also that standing to the credit 
of particular states, on account of the balances reported in their fa- 
Tour, by the Commissioners for settling accounts between the United 



. 317 

States and individual states,) according to the right reserved to the 
United States ; that is, to the payment annually, of eight per cent, 
on account of the principal and interest, and to continue until the 
whole of the same should be paid and redeemed, and after such re- 
demption, the same fund to continue appropriated, until the residue 
of the debt of the United States, foreign and domestic, funded and 
unfunded, should be redeemed and discharged. 

The Secretary also proposed, that the faith of the United States 
should be firmly pledged to the creditors, that this fund should be in-* 
violably applied to the redemption, payment, and purchase of the 
whole debt of the United States, until the same was fully completed : 
and that for this purpose, the said fund should be vested in the Com- 
missioners of the sinking fund, " as property in trust." He also pro_ 
posed, that all priorities before established, in the appropriations for 
the funded debt, as between different parts of it after the year 1796, 
should cease unless dissented to, by the creditors ; and that the rev- 
enue thus appropriated should constitute a common or consolidated 
fund, chargeable indiscriminately and without priority. 

The remarks of the Secretary, on the danger of a great accumula- 
tion of public debt, and on the necessary means to prevent it, are too 
important not to merit a place here. — " There is no sentiment," he 
says in his report, " which can better deserve the serious attention 
of the Legislature of a country, than the one expressed in the speech 
of the President ; which indicates the danger to every government, 
from the progressive accumulation of debt. A tendency to it is per- 
haps the natural disease of all governments ; aud it is not easy to con- 
ceive any thing more likely than this to lead to great and convulsive 
revolutions of empires. On the one hand, the exigencies of a nation 
creating new causes of expenditure, as well from its own, as from the 
ambition, rapacity, injustice, intemperance and folly of other nations, 
proceed in unceasing and rapid succession. On the other, there is a 
general propensity in those, who administer the affairs of government, 
founded in the constitution of man, to shift off the burden from the 
present to a future day ; a propensity which may be expected to be 
strong in proportion as the form of the state is popular. 

" To extinguish a debt which exists, and to avoid contracting 
more, are ideas almost always favoured by public feeling and opin- 



318 

ion ; but to pay taxes for the one or other purpose, which are the 
only means to avoid the evil, is always more or less unpopular. 
These contradictions are in human nature. And the lot of a country 
would be enviable indeed, in which there were not always men ready 
to turn them to the account of their own popularity, or to some other 
sinister account. Hence it is no uncommon spectacle to see the 
same men clamouring for occasions of expense, when they happen to 
be in unison with the present humour of the community, well or ill di- 
rected, declaiming against a public debt, and for the reduction of it, 
as an abstract thesis ; yet, vehement against every plan of taxation 
which is proposed to discharge old debts, or to avoid new, by defray- 
ing the expenses of exigencies as they emerge. 

" These unhandsome acts throw artificial embarrassments in the 
way of the administrators of governments ; and cooperating with the 
desire, which they themselves are too apt to feel, to conciliate public 
favour by declining to lay unnecessary burdens, or with the fear of lo- 
sing it, by imposing them with firmness, serve to promote the accumu- 
lation of debt ; by leaving that, which at any time exists, without 
adequate provision for its reimbursement, and by preventing the 
laying with energy new taxes, where new occasions of expense occur. 
The consequence is, that the public debt swells, till its magnitude be- 
comes enormous, and the burthens of the people gradually increase, 
till their weight becomes intolerable. Of such a state of things great 
disorder in the whole political economy, convulsions, and revolutions 
of governments are a natural offspring. 

" There can be no more sacred obligation, then, on the public 
agents of a nation, than to guard, with provident foresight and inflexi- 
ble perseverance, against so mischievous a result. True patriotism 
and genuine policy cannot, it is respectfully observed, be better de- 
monstrated by those of the United States at the present juncture, than 
by improving efficiently the very favourable situation in which they 
stand, for extinguishing, with reasonable celerity, the actual debt of 
the country, and for laying the foundations of a system which may 
shield posterity from the consequences of the usual improvidence and 
selfishness of its ancestors ; and which, if possible, may give immor- 
tality to public credit." 

On the policy of establishing a sinking fund, and of rendering iU 



310 

application to any other object, than that for which it is appropriated, 
inviolable, the Secretary, in the same Report, says, " The intent is to 
secure, by all the sanctions of which the subject is susceptible, an invi- 
olable application of the fund according to its destination. No expe- 
dients more powerful can be devised for this purpose, than to clothe it 
with the character of private property, and to engage absolutely the 
faith of the government, by making the application of it to the object, 
a part of the contract with the creditors. But is this necessary ? 

" Its necessity rests upon these cogent reasons. The inviolable 
application of an adequate sinking fund is the only practicable secu- 
rity against an excessive accumulation of debt, and the essential ba- 
sis of a permanent national credit. 

" Experience has shewn, in countries the most attentive to the 
principles of public credit, that a simple appropriation of the sinking 
fund is not a complete barrier against its being diverted when imme- 
diate exigencies press. The causes which have been stated, with 
another view, tempt the administrators of government to lay hold of 
this resource, rather than impose new taxes. 

" This indicates the utility of endeavouring to give, by additional 
sanctions, inviolability to the fund. 

" But will those proposed answer the end ? They are the most ef- 
ficacious that can be imagined ; and they are likely to be entirely 
efficacious. 

" They cannot be disregarded without a breach of faith and con- 
tract, destroying credit, and that at a juncture, when it is most indis- 
pensable ; the emergencies which induce a diversion of the fund are 
those in which loans, and consequently credit, are most needed." 

In pursuance of the plan suggested by the Secretary, an act was 
passed by Congress, on the 3d day of March, 1795, " making fur- 
ther provision for the support of public credit and for the redemption 
of the public debt." 

By this act the following additional appropriations are made to 
the sinking fund, viz. — 

" First. So much of the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares, and 
merchandize, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits distilled 
within the United States, and on stilis, as together with the monies, 
which now constitute the said fund, and shall accrue to it, bv virtue of 



320 

the provisions herein before made, and by the interest upon each in- 
stalment, or part of principal, which shall be reimbursed, will be suffi- 
cient, yearly and every year, commencing the 1st day of January 
next, to reimburse and pay so much as may rightfully be reimbursed 
and paid of the principal of that part of the debt or stock, which 
on the said first day of January next, shall bear an interest of six per 
cent, redeemable on account, both of principal and interest, not ex- 
ceeding in one year eight per centum, excluding that which shall 
stand to the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund, and that 
which shall stand to the credit of certain states, in consequence of the 
balances reported in their favour by the Commissioners for settling 
accounts between the United States and individual states. 

" Secondly. The dividends, which shall be, from time to time, de- 
clared on so much of the stock of the bank of the United States, as 
belongs to the United States (deducting thereout such sums as will 
be requisite to pay interest on any part remaining unpaid of the loan 
of two millions of dollars, had of the bank of the United States, pursu- 
ant to the eleventh section of the act, by which the said bank is incor- 
porated.) 

" Thirdly. So much of the duties on goods, wares, and merchan- 
dize imported, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits dis- 
tilled within the United States, and on stills, as with the said divi- 
dends, after such deduction, will be sufficient yearly and every year, 
to pay the remaining instalments of the principal of said loan, as they 
shall become due, and as together with any other monies which, by 
virtue of provisions in former acts, and herein before made, shall on 
the 1st of January, in 1802, belong to the said sinking fund, not oth- 
erwise specially appropriated ; and with the interest on each instal- 
ment, or part of principal, which shall, from time to time, be reim- 
bursed, or paid, of that part of the debt or stock, which on the first 
day of January, 1801, shall begin to bear an interest of six per cent, 
per annum, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, commencing on 
the 1st day of January, 1802, to reimburse and pay so much as may 
rightfully be reimbursed and paid, of the said principal of the said 
debt or stock, &,c. 

" Fourthly. The net proceeds of the sales of land?, belonging, or 



321 

which shall hereafter belong to the United States, in the western ter- 
ritory thereof. 

" Fifthly. All monies, which shall be received into the Treasury, 
on account of debts due to the United States, by reason of any matter 
prior to their present constitution. 

" And lastly : All surplusses of revenues of the United States, 
which shall remain, at the end of any calendar year, beyond the 
amount of the appropriations charged upon the said revenues, and 
which, during the session of Congress next thereafter, shall not be 
otherwise specially appropriated, or reserved by law." 

By the same act, the monies thus appropriated to the sinking fund, 
were placed under the direction and management of the Commission- 
ers of that fund ; and were to continue so appropriated, until the 
whole debt of the United States should be reimbursed and redeemed • 
and were declared to be vested in said Commissioners, in trust, to be 
applied to the reimbursement and redemption of the whole of said 
debt. 

And the faith of the United States was also pledged, " that the 
monies, or funds aforesaid shall inviolably remain and be appropria- 
ted and vested, to be applied to the reimbursement and redemption, 
in manner aforesaid, until the same shall be fully and completely ef- 
fected." 

The Commissioners were also authorized, if necessary, with the ap- 
probation of the President of the United States, for the purpose of pay- 
ing any instalments of the debt, which might become due, to borrow 
the sums required. This power was entrusted with the Commission- 
ers, in order to give complete security to the creditors, for the punc- 
tual payment of the principal, as well as the interest of the debt, ac- 
cording to the terms of the contracts. The reason for vesting the 
Commissioners with this power, is given by the Secretary in his Re- 
port : " It is proposed to authorize the Commissioners of the sinking 
fund to provide by new loans for the reimbursement of the instal- 
ments which from time to time accrue. This is on the ground that it 
is essential to the perfection of the system of redemption, that all the 
means of ultimate execution should be organized in it, and that there 
should be no need of future provision." 

41 



322 
The Commissioners were directed to apply this fund — 

1st. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, both on ac- 
count of principal and interest, on the six per cent, stock, commenc- 
ing the reimbursement on the 1st day of January, 1796. 

2d. To the payment of the loan had of the bank of the United 
States. 

3d. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, on account of 
principal and interest, on the deferred stock, commencing the reim- 
bursement on the 1st day of January, 1802, and 

4th. To apply the surplus of the fund, towards the redemption of 
the debt, both foreign and domestic, by payment, or purchase, until 
the same should be fully paid or redeemed. 

By an act passed the 28th of April, 1796, the Commissioners were 
directed to pay this eight per cent, in the manner following, viz. — 
On the stock then bearing an interest of six per cent. 1st. By divi- 
dends to be made on the last days of March, June, and September, in 
each year, from 1796 to 1818, inclusive, at the rate of one and one 
lialf per cent, upon the original capital. 

2d. By dividends to be made on the last day of December, 1796, 
and from 1797 to 1817, inclusive, on the last day of December in 
each year, at the rate of three and one half per cent, upon the origin- 
al capital, and by a dividend to be made on the last day of December, 
1818, of such a sum, as will be then adequate, according to the con- 
tract, for the final redemption of the debt. 

The dividends on the deferred stock,, to be made from the year 
1801 to the year 1824, in like manner and proportion. 

By this permanent arrangement for the final payment of the do- 
mestic debt, the holders of six per cent, and deferred stock, were to 
receive an annuity of eight per cent, on their capital, until the whole 
should be paid. This annuity, it was found on calculation, would 
extinguish the capital of the six per cent, stock, on the last day of 
December, 1818, and of the deferred stock, on the last of December, 
1824. 



323 

The following was the state of the public debt, on the 1st day of 
January, 1800 : — 

Guilders. Dolls. Dolls. Cts. 

Foreign debt due in Amster- 
dam and Antwerp, 26,900,000 10,760,000 
Premiums payable on the 
loan of 9th March, 1784. 147,500 59,000 

10,819,000 

27,047,500 



Domestic debt, viz. six per 

cent, stock, - $30,087,650 5 

Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, 1,841,607 9 



$28,246,042 96 



Deduct instalments reimburs- 
ed to the close of the year 
1799, - - $3,215,575 37 



Amount to be reimbursed, $25,030,467 59 

Deferred stock, - $14,649,320 21 

Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 966,376 4 

$13,682,944 17 

Three per cent, stock, $19,701,545 1 

Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 614,836 47 

$19,086,708 54 

Five and one half per cent. 

stock, - - $1,848,900 

Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 1,400 

$1,847,500 



324 

Dolls. 

Four and one half per cent, stock, 176,000 
Six per cent, stock per act of 31st 

May, 1796, .... 80,000 

Six per cent, navy stock, issued, - 109,200 

Six per cent, navy stock, to be issued, 820,000 

Eight per cent, stock issued in 1799, 5,000,000 



-$65,832,820 30 



Total amount of the unredeemed capitals of the 
foreign and domestic funded debt on the 1st of 
January, 1800, - - - $76,051,820 30 

TEMPORARY LOANS. 

Sums obtained of the bank of the United 
States, in anticipation of the revenue 
at five per cent. - - - $J, 400,000 

Sums obtained at six percent. - 1,840,000 

Sums due on the subscription loan for 

stock, 400,000 



$3,640,000 
Deduct the cost of two thousand two 
hundred and twenty shares owned by 
the United Slates, - - 888,000 



2,752,000 



Debt of the United States, January 1st, 1800, $79,403,820 30 

The above account of the state of the public debt was laid before a 
Committee of the House of Representatives, appointed on the 20th oi 
March, 1800, " to examine the accounts of the United States relating 
to the public debt, and to report the amount respectively incurred and 
extinguished, and generally such facts as relate to the increase or 
diminution of the same, since the establishment of the government of 
the United States, under the present constitution j" and was by them 



326 

reported to the House. This Committee also reported the following 
as a " Statemeut of debts contracted under the pre:-, nt Government of 
the United States, and of debts of the late Government, discharged, up 
to January 1st, 1800, viz. : — 

DEBTS CONTRACTED. 

Five and an half per cent, stock issued for an equal 

amount due to France, - - $1, 848,900 

Four and an half per cent. do. do. 176,000 

Six per cent, stock per act of May 31st, 1796, - 80,000 

Navy stock issued and to be issued, - - 929,200 

Eight per cent, stock, 5,000,000 

Temporary loans, - - - §3,640,000 

Deduct bank shares - .- - 888,000 



2,752,000 



Amount of debts contracted, - - •- $10,786,100 



DEBTS DISCHARGED. 



Foreign debt, January 1st 1791, $12,343,437 87 
Ditto January 1st 1800, 10,819,000 



Foreign debt reduced, - - $1,524,437 87 

Six per cent, stock purchased or redeemed, - 1,841,607 9 

Three per cent. do. do. - - 614,836 47 

Deferred stock, do. do. - - 966,376 4 

Five and an half per cent, stock, - - 1,400 
Reimbursement of the six percent, stock to the close 

of the year 1799, 3,215,575 37 



Amount of debts discharged, - - $8,164,232 84 

It may be observed, that the five and an half and four and an half 
per cent, stock, was issued for the balance due to France, on account 
of the former loans from the French Government, during the revolu- 



320 

tionary war, and was made payable at the pleasure of the Govern- 
ment. 

The eighty thousand six per cent, stock was obtained on loan in 
the United States, in 1796, in pursuance of an act of Congress of 
May 31st of that year. The whole loan authorized by that act, and 
which was to be made by the Commissioners of the sinking fund, with 
the approbation of the President, was tive millions of dollars, to be 
applied to the payment of the capital, or principal of any parts of the 
debt of the United States, then due, or to become due, in the course of 
that year, to the bank of the United States, or to the bank of New- 
York, or for any instalment of foreign debt. Books were opened for 
the whole sum, but eighty thousand dollars only were subscribed, and 
which was irredeemable, until the close of the year 1819. 

The navy six per cent, stock was issued or agreed to be issued, to 
certain persons, who built vessels of war for the United States> in the 
years 1798 and 1799, and for which they agreed to receive in pay- 
ment six per cent, stock payable at pleasure ; and hence it has been 
generally denominated, navy six per cent stock. 

The eight percent, stock of five millions was issued in consequence 
of a loan, opened in the United States, in pursuance of an act author- 
izing the same, passed July 16th, 1798, and was redeemable after 
the year 1808. 

The temporary loans were in anticipation of the revenue, and for 
subscription to the bank of the United States. 

The foreign debt was due in Holland, and was payable there, in 
unequal annual instalments, the last of which was due in 1809. 

The views taken by the Committee above referred to, as to the 
amount of public debt, at various periods, from the commencement 
of the Government, and as to its increase or diminution, may not be 
uninteresting. The Committee in their report say, " The order of the 
House having particularly directed the attention of the Committee to 
the increase or diminution of debt, they have thought it their duty to 
bring into view the amount of debt with which the present Government 
commenced its operations, and to contrast the same with the balance 
of debt on the first of January in the present year. In discharging 
this duty, it will become necessary to explain the principles on which 



32? 

these statements rest ; which the Committee will do in as concise a 
manner as possible. But before they enter upon this detail, they 
cannot forbear to express the satisfaction which they feel in declaring, 
that the documents which have been obtained from the Treasury will, 
in their opinion, fully demonstrate the precision and ability with 
which the business of that department has been conducted, and that 
by the fiscal operations of the government, the public debt has been 
diminished." 

" In ascertaining the amount of the old debt, two different princi- 
ples have been taken by those, who have made their calculations on 
this subject. The first has been to include only the interest upon the 
debt to the close of the year 1789, as the nearest convenient period 
to the day, when the government commenced its operations, and after 
deducting from the aggregate of debt, the amount of funds then in the 
power of the government, to consider the balance as the amount of old 
debt. 

" The second principle has been, to take the amount of debt, as 
the same has been liquidated and funded under various acts of Con- 
gress, and after deducting therefrom the funds acquired or possessed 
by the government at the close of the year 1790, to consider the bal- 
ance as constituting the true amount of old debt. The difference be- 
tween the>e principles consists in this ; by the last mode of computa- 
tion, the interest which accumulated upon the debt, subsequent to the 
close of the year 1789, and until the debt was funded and provided 
for by law, is considered as a part of the old debt, whereas by the first 
mode of computation that interest is totally excluded. 

" In consequence of a difference in opinion, which it is understood 
still exists on this point, the Committee have thought proper to state 
the debt in both modes, that the result in both cases may be perfectly 
understood. 

u The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Jan- 
uary, 1790, as appears by statement, No. 9, 
amounted to $72,237,301 97 

" The funds then in possession of the government, 
and to be deducted, were — 



328 

"Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 

1790, - - - $28,239 61 

" Cash in the hands of Collectors, 83,127 84 

"Bonds at the custom -house, - 590,468 60 

" Debts due to the United States, un- 
der contracts of the late government, 
collected at sundry times, - 62,586 74 

" Debts paid in specie, during the 
year 1789, - - 15,927 13 

" Proceeds of the sales of land to the 
state of Pennsylvania, made by the 
late government, - - 151,392 41 



931,742 33 



" Amount of debt January 1st, 1790, - $71,305,559 64 

" By the same document it appears, that the debt 
contracted by the late government, as the same 
has been liquidated and funded by acts of Con- 
gress, amounts to $76,781,953 14 

" That the funds possessed by this government, and 
to be deducted from the debt, were as follows : — 

" Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 

1791, - - - $570,023 88 

" Cash in the hands of Collectors, 225,786 95 
11 Custom-house bonds uncollected, 1,052,215 13 
11 Money collected from the credits 

of the late government, as in the 

preceding statement, - - 62,586 74 

" Debts paid in specie, during 1789, 15,927 13 
" Sale of land to Pennsylvania, 151,392 41 

" Debts purchased and discharged 

during the year 1790, - 518,424 8 

2,596,356 32 



True amount of debt January 1st, 1791 - $74,185,596 82 



329 

ii By the same document No. 9, it appears that 

the debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on the 

1st of January, 1800, amounted to - - ^76,651^820 30 

" Temporary loans, without deducting bank shares, 3,640,000 



" Nominal amount of debt January 1st, 1800, $80,291,820 30 

" Funds acquired by the government and which 
may be applied to face the foregoing debt — 

" Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 
1800, deducting therefrom the a- 
mount of unclaimed registered debt, 
and debts due to foreign officers, 
which are to be considered as a 
charge on the balance in the Treasu- 
ry, - - - $2,061,683 49 

"Remittance to Holland, beyond the 
sum necessary to meet all demands 
on the foreign debt, to the close of the 
year 1799, - 548,955 84 

" Cash in the hands of Collectors and 
Supervisors, - 532,247 81 

M Bonds uncollected, at the custom- 
houses, estimated at six millions, pay- 
able on an average of six months, de- 
ducting the interest for that term 
leaves, - - - 5,826,214 

" Two thousand two hun- 
dred and twenty bank 
shares, cost - 888,000 

" Advance twenty-five per 
cent. - - - 222,000 

1,110,000 

10,079,101 14 



True amount of debt January 1st, 1800, - $70,212,718 16 

42 



330 

" For the purpose of shewing the rapidity with which the public 
debt was diminishing, at the time when the hostility of France 
compelled the government to incur those great and extraordinary ex- 
pences, which appear in the Treasury statements, and to enter upon 
that extensive system of defence, which has resulted in the security 
of our commerce, the Committee thought it necessary, in addition to 
the preceding statements, to present a view of the debt on the 1st of 
January, 1798, remarking at the same time, that the reduction which 
at that time had been made, proves, in the most satisfactory manner, 
the ease with which the debt may be extinguished, whenever the 
government shall be left unembarrassed by internal disorder, or for- 
eign hostility. 

" The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Janua- 
ry, 1798, .... $76,366,618 82 

" Funds to be deducted were — 

" Cash in the Treasury January 1st, 

1798, - - - $1,021,889 4 

" Cash in the hands of Collectors, 265,369 3 

" Cash in the hands of Supervisors, 32,964 39 
" Value of bonds uncollected at the 

custom-houses, January 1st, 1798, 

estimated at 6,309,058 

u Bank stock at its value, - 1,1 10,000 

8,739,280 46 



" True amount of debt January 1st, 1798 — $67,627,338 36 

** From whence it results, (the Committee say,) that if the amount of 
debt on the 1st of January, 1800, is contrasted with the debt on the 
1st of January, 1790, it will appear, that the debt has diminished by 
the sum of $1,092,841 and 48 cents, or if it is compared with the 
debt of January 1st, 1791, the debt has diminished, by the sum of 
$3,972,878 and 66 cents ; so that, in either mode of stating the ac- 
count, it clearly appears, that the debt has in fact been diminished.'" 



331 

The committee proceed to say, they incline to the opinion, that the 
debt, as it was liquidated and funded by the government, alter de- 
ducting the amount of lunds, which arose prior to the 1st of January > 
1791, ought to be considered, as constituting the true amount of debt, 
with which the present Government has been charged by the Con- 
stitution. 

There can b elittle doubt, that the debt, as funded, ought|to be con- 
sidered, as the amount of the public debt, and whatever difference in 
opinion there may be, in estimating the amount of public debt, at 
any period, as to the propriety of deducting the amount of funds then 
in the hands of the government, from this funded debt, there can be 
no doubt, that the funds arising from revenues, and from the value of 
bank stock, should be offset, against temporary loans made in antici- 
pation of that revenue, and for the payment of the bank stock. 

If we take this as a rule, the debt of the United States will be less, 
on the 1st day of January, 1800, than when the same was funded, 
according to the various acts of Congress. 
The amount of debt as liquidated and funded, ac- 
cording to the foregoing statement of the Com- 
mittee was - - - $76,781,953 14 
Amount of debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on 

the 1st of January, 1800, was - - 76,651,820 30 



Making a difference of - - - $130,132 84 

And this notwithstanding the great expenses in the mean time in- 
curred by Government, in the wars with the Indians, $1,250,000 ex- 
pended in suppressing two insurrections in Pennsylvania, more than 
one million and a half in our transactions with Algiers and the other 
Barbary powers, and the still greater expenses occasioned by the dis- 
putes with France, in 1798 and 1799. 

In 1800, a further sum of $1,482,500, was borrowed at eight per 
cent, in pursuance of an act passed on the 7th day of May of that 
year, payable after 1808. 

The funds provided and appropriated for the payment of the debt, 
subsequent to the 3d, of March, 1795, up to 1801, were as follows, viz. 
— By an act passed March 3d, 1797, additional duties were laid on 
certain articles imported into the United States, and were appropri- 



S'32 

ated, first, lor the payment of the principal of the then existing foreign 
debt ; secondly for the payment of the principal of the debt then due 
by the United States, to the bank of the United States. 

By the act passed July 16th, 1798, authorizing a loan of five mil- 
lions of dollars, and which was obtained at eight percent, so much of 
the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage, beyond the perma- 
nent appropriations before charged thereon, were pledged and ap- 
propriated, for the payment of the interest and principal of the loans, 
which might be made under the act, according to the terms and con- 
ditions of the same. A similar pledge and appropriation were made 
for the loan, obtained under the act passed 7th of May, 1800, and 
which loan was obtained, as before stated, at eight per cent. 

On the 13th day of May, 1800, additional duties were laid on cer- 
tain articles, imported into the United States, and were solely appro- 
priated for the discharge of the interest and principal of the debts of 
the United States, before that time contracted, or to be contracted 
during the year 1800. 

On a change of Administration in 1801, a new modification of the 
sinking fund took place. On the 29th of April, 1802, an act was 
passed, entitled " an Act making provision for the redemption of 
the whole of the public debt of the United States."" This act pro- 
vides, that the sum of seven millions, three hundred thousand dollars, 
should be appropriated annually to the sinking fund ; which sum was 
to be paid, out of the duties on merchandize and tonnage, and the 
other monies, other than surplusses of revenue, which then constituted 
the sinking fund, or which might accrue to it, by virtue of any 
former provisions. This sum the act declares, " to be vested in the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, in the same manner, as the monies 
heretofore appropriated to the said fund, to be applied by the said 
Commissioners, to the payment of interest and charges, and to the 
reimbursement, or redemption of the principal of the public debt : 
and shall be and continue appropriated, until the whole of the pre- 
sent debt of the United States, and the loans which may be made for 
reimbursing or redeeming any parts or instalments of the principal 
of the said debt, shall be reimbursed and redeemed." It was made 
the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, by this act, to pay to the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, this sum of $7,300,000, in each 



333 

year, and at such times, as to enable them to pay the interest and 
principal of the debt, faithfully and punctually, according to the en- 
gagements of the United States. The Commissioners were to apply 
this sum annually, in the first place, to the payment of the interest 
and principal of the public debt, as the same should become due, ac- 
cording to the engagements of the United States, and also the interest 
and principal of all loans, which had been, or might be made on ac- 
count of the debt ; and in the next place, to apply the surplus, to- 
wards the further and final redemption, by payment, or purchase, of 
the debt. No purchases, however, of the debt were to be made 
above par. By the act of March 3d, 1795, the duties on spirits dis- 
tilled within the United States, and on stills, constituted a part of the 
sinking fund, and were pledged for the payment of the debt, but as 
all the internal taxes were repealed, in 1802, these duties made no 
part of the fund provided by the act of the 29th of April of that year. 
In 1803, the nominal amount of the domestic debt was a little 
more than seventy millions of dollars, of this $32,1 19,21 1 and 25 cts. 
was owned by foreigners, of which the English owned 

$15,882,797 95 
The Dutch, . 13,693,918 30 

Other foreigners, - - - 2,542,495 



Of the residue — 

Particular States owned - - $ 5,603,564 

Incorporated bodies, in the United States, - 10,096,398 72 

Individuals, - do. - 22,330,606 36 



In the purchase of Louisiana, the United States agreed to pay the 
government of France, fifteen millions of dollars, three millions seven 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be paid to our own merchants, 
for their claims of a certain description on the French government, 
and the remainder, being $11,250,000, to be paid, in stock, at six 
percent. To carry into effect this agreement, stock to that amount 
was issued, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed November 10th, 
1803, and made payable to the assignees of the French government. 
The interest on this stock was payable in London, Amsterdam, or 



334 

Paris, and the principal was payable in four annual instalments oi 
not less than three millions of dollars each, the first becoming due 
in 1818. 

By the act which created this stock, a further sum of $700,000 
annually, was added to the sinking fund, for the purpose of enabling 
the Commissioners to pay the interest on the same ; which sum was 
to be paid out of the duties on imports and tonnage. By this addi- 
tion, the whole sura to be paid annually to the Commissioners of the 
sinking fund, amounted to $8,000,000, and was vested in them, for 
the purpose of paying the former debt, and also the Louisiana debt 
so called, and was to continue, so vested and appropriated, until the 
whole was paid. And it was made the special duty of the Commis- 
sioners, out of this fund, to pay the instalments of the Louisiana debt, 
as they should tall due. 

On the 11th of February, 1807, the Government of the United 
States, by an act of that date, proposed to the holders of six per cent, 
deferred and three per cent, stocks, to exchange the same for six per 
cent, stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the Government. 

For this purpose, books were opened at the Treasury, and at the 
several Loan Offices, for subscriptions, to the whole amount of the 
stock standing on the books at the Treasury, and at the Loan Offices. 
On such subscriptions, the old certificates were to be given up, and 
new ones to issue, for the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, 
and deferred stock, due at the date of the subscription, bearing an 
interest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly and re- 
deemable at the pleasure of the Government, with a condition " that 
no single certificate should issue for a greater amount than ten thou- 
sand dollars, and that no reimbursement should be made, except for 
the whole amount of any such new certificate, nor till after, at least, 
six months previous public notice of such intended reimbursement." 
For the subscriptions in the three per cent, stock, the subscribers 
were to receive a new certificate for a sum equal to sixty-five per cent, 
of the amount of the principal of the stock subscribed, bearing an in- 
terset of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and sub- 
ject likewise to redemption, at the pleasure of the Government ; with 
a restriction, however, on the part of the United States, that no part 
©f the stock thus converted, should be reimbursed, without the assent 



335 

of the holder, until after the whole of the eight per cent, and four and 
half per cent, stock, as well as all the six percent, and deferred stock, 
which might be exchanged, under that act, should be redeemed. 
The sinking fund was also pledged for the payment of the interest 
and reimbursement of this new stock. Under this act, the amount of 
unredeemed six per cent, and deferred stock, subscribed, and for 
which new certificates were issued, was $6,294 ,051 and 12 cents, 
and which was called exchanged six per cents, and the three per 
cents, subscribed, at sixty-five per cent, on the amount, produced 
£1, 859,850 and 70 cents, drawing an interest of six per cent, per 
annum, and was called converted six per cent, stock. In 1812, in 
pursuance of another act of Congress passed in that year, $2,984,746 
and 72 cents, of the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, and de- 
ferred stock was exchanged for other six per cent, stock redeemable 
after the 31st day of December, 1824. 

After the United States had concluded a peace with France in 
1800, the vast increase of their revenues, arising from duties on im- 
ports and tonnage, owing to a rapidly increasing population, and an 
unparalleled extension of their commerce, enabled them, very fortu- 
nately, while Europe was at war, to pay off a large proportion of 
this debt. 

The amount of public debt, on the 1st day of January, 1812, ac- 
cording to official Treasury statements, was - $45,154,18? 

and consisted of the following particulars, viz. : — 

Six per cent, and deferred stock, unre- 
deemed, - - - $17,067,096 

Three per cent, stock, $ 16, 157,890 

Converted do. do. 565,318 

16,723,208 

1796 six per cent, stock, - - - 80,000 

Registered debt, and debt due to foreign 

officers, - 33,885 



$33,904,189 



336 
Louisiana six per cent, stock, - $11,250,000 



§45,154,189 

The payments made, on account of the principal of the debt from 
April 1st, 1801, to January, 1st, 1812, according to Treasury state- 
ments, amounted to - §46,022,810 

and were as follows, viz. : — 

1. Foreign debt paid in full, - §10,075,004 

2. Eight per cent, five and a half per 
cent, four and a half per cent, navy 
six per cent, stock, and temporary 
loans, due on the 1st of April, 1801, 

to the bank of the United States, 12,657,700 

3. Reimbursement of six per cent, and 

deferred stock, - - 14,452,123 53 

4. For lands, purchased, - 74,569 81 

5. Exchanged stock paid in full, - 6,294,051 12 

6. Three per cent, stock, including re- 
imbursement of converted stock, ancf 
deducting converted stock, outstan- 
ding, - - - 2,379,269 44 

7. On account of unfunded debt, - 90,092 58 



§46,022,810 

During the period in which the Government paid this sum, no ad- 
ditional taxes of any importance were imposed, except an additional 
duty of two and a half per cent, on goods imported, paying ad 
valorem duties, to defray the expenses of the war with Tripoli, and 
of intercourse with the other Barbary powers, and which was called 
" the Mediterranean fund." This duty was to cease in three months 
after the termination of the war with Tripoli, but was continued by 
various acts of Congress until 1815, when it was suffered to expire. 
and has been applied to the general expenses of the Government. 

The sums received into the Treasury from 1801 to 1811, inclusive e 
and which were applicable to the payment of the interest and princi- 
pal of the debt, amounted to about ninety millions of dollars. 



337 

Debt incurred during the late zcar between the United States and Great- 
Britain, as far as ascertained, up to January 1817. 

War was declared against Great-Britain, June 18th, 1812. In an- 
ticipation of this event, by an act of Congress of 14th of March pre- 
ceding, a loan of eleven millions of dollars was authorized at an in- 
terest not exceeding six per cent, per annum, reimbursable after the 
expiration of twelve years from the 1st day of January, 1813. Un- 
der this act, there was obtained, in the course of the year 1812, the 
sum of $ 10,1 84,700. Of this sum $2, 150,000 was obtained of cer- 
tain banks, on special contracts, and was payable as follows, viz. — 
$1,350,000 in 1813, $750,000 in 1814, and $50,000 in 1817 ; and 
the residue, being $8,034,700, was funded, and made redeemable af- 
ter January 1st, 1825. About one half of this last sum was obtained 
of banks, and the other half of individuals. In the year 1813, the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund redeemed, by purchase, $324,200 
of this stock, leaving the funded stock of this loan $7,710,500. 

On the 8th of February, 1813, a further sum of sixteen millions of 
dollars was authorized to be borrowed, by the President of the Uni- 
ted States, without any limitation as to the rate of interest, or any 
other limitations, except, that the United States should not be pre- 
cluded from reimbursing the same, at any time, after the expiration 
of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1814. This sum was 
obtained by contract, and principally from individuals, at the rate of 
eighty-eight dollars for one hundred, viz. for every eighty-eight dol- 
lars, paid in money, a certificate of stock for one hundred dollars 
was to be issued, bearing an interest of six per cent, or what is the 
same, for every one hundred dollars, which the United States receiv- 
ed, they were to issue a certificate of stock for $113 63 cents and 
7-llths of a cent, bearing interest at six percent. The amount of 
stock issued for this loan was $1 8,109,377 and 43 cts. making a pre- 
mium to the lenders, of $2,109,377. 

The first offers of the Secretary of the Treasury for this loan were, 
that the lender should be entitled to a certificate of stock, at six per 
cent, interest, and an annuity of one per cent, for thirteen years, and 
for which he was to receive a separate certificate ; $531,200 were 
eventually taken at par, with an annuity of one and a half per cent. 

43 



338 

lor thirteen years. The annuities on this sum amount to $7,968. 
By an act of August 2d, 1813, a further loan of seven and a half mil- 
lions of dollars was also authorized, and without any other limita- 
tions, than was contained in the act relative to the sixteen million 
loan. This loan was obtained, on the following terms, viz. for every 
$100 received, the United States issued stuck for $113 31 cents and 
4-9th of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. ; and reimbursable, 
at any time, within twelve years, after January 1st, 1814. 

The six per cent, stock issued on this loan, amounted to $8,498,586 
and 95 cents, making a premium of $998,581 and 95 cents. March 
24th, 1814, a loan of twenty-five millions of dollars was also authori- 
zed, towards the expenses of the war, for that year. 

After two several attempts by the Secretary of the Treasury, about 
twelve millions seven hundred thousand dollars only were obtained 
under this act, and this sum was eventually taken at 80 per cent. viz. 
for every hundred dollars loaned, the United States were to pay 
one hundred and twenty-five dollars in 6 per cent, stock, reimbursa- 
ble at the end of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 
1815. The amount of stock, issued for the loans under this act, was 
$15,954,619 85, making a premium of about $3,200,000. The 
loans under this act were so disadvantageous to the United States, 
and the price of public stock was so depressed, some having been 
sold, in the summer of 1814, as low as sixty or seventy, for cash, that 
no further attempts were made to obtain the residue of the twenty- 
five millions, but Treasury notes were directed to be issued to make 
up the deficiency. The amount of stock issued on these various 
loans, was as follows, viz. : — 

On the eleven million loan, - + $8,034,700 
On the sixteen million loan, - - - 18,109,377 43 
On the seven and a half million loan, - 8,498,581 95 
On the part obtained, on the twenty- 
live million loan, - 15,954,619 85 



$50,597,279 23 
The amount received for this stock was about 43,534,700 



making a difference of - - ' $7,062,579 2.*^ 



339 

On the 3d of March 1815, a further loan of a sum, not exceeding 
§18,452,800, was also authorized ; and the Secretary of the Treasury 
was empowered to receive, in payment for this loan, Treasury notes, 
previously issued, and which, by law, were made a charge on the 
sinking fund ; and the stock for this loan was reimbursable, after the 
expiration of twelve years, from the last day of December 1815. 

The loans obtained under this act were principally in Treasury 
notes at par, and which were received at different rates, varying 
with the market price of the notes. The amount of six per cent stock 
issued for loans under this act, was $12,288,149 64. 

TREASURY NOTES. 

On the 30th of June, 1812, the President of the United States was 
authorized to cause to be issued Treasury notes, not exceeding five 
millions of dollars, to be paid within one year from the time of issu- 
ing the same, and bearing an interest of five and two fifths per cent, 
per annum. 

These notes were to be signed by persons to be appointed by the 
President, and countersigned by the commissioners of loans for that 
state, where they were made payable ; they were made transferrable 
by delivery, and assignment endorsed thereon, by the person, to 
whose order the same were made payable, and were receivable in 
payment of all duties and taxes, laid by the authority of the United 
States, and of all public lands sold. A further sum of five millions 
was authorized, by an act of the 25th of February, 1813. As a part 
of the supplies, for the year 1814, by an act of the 4th of March of 
that year, five millions was also authorized to be issued, and by the 
same act, the President was empowered to issue an additional sum 
of five millions, if he should deem it expedient, to be taken as part of 
the sum, which might be authorized to be obtained on loan, during 
that year. On the 26th of December 1814, a sum not exceeding 
§7,500,000 was authorized to be issued, to make up the deficiency of 
the twenty-five million loan, and in lieu of the three million loan of 
November 15th, 1814 ; and a further sum of three millions, for the 
express purpose of defraying the expenses of the war department for 
1814, in addition to the sums before appropriated for that department* 



340 

By an act of the 24 th ot February, 1815, the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, with the approbation of the President, was authorized to issue 
Treasury notes, to the amount of twenty-five millions of dollars ; 
those under §100, to be without interest, and transferable by deliv- 
ery a'one, those over that sum, to bear an interest of five and two 
fifths per cent, or to be without interest, as the Secretary, with the 
approbation of the President, should direct. The small notes with- 
out interest, by this act, might be funded at seven percent, and those 
bearing an interest issued under this act, as well as those previously 
issued, might be funded at six per cent, both reimbursable at any 
lime, after the last day of December, A. D. 1824. The Secretary 
was also authorized to re- issue the notes, which might be delivered 
up and exchanged for funded stock, or paid in for taxes, duties or de- 
mands, and apply them to the same purposes, and in the same man- 
ner, as when originally issued. The Treasury notes, issued under 
the three first acts, were made a charge on the sinking fund, and it 
was made the duty of the Commissioners of the sinking fund to pay 
them as they fell due. The amount of Treasury notes issued, under 
these various acts was as follows, viz. : — 

Under the Act of 30th of June, 1812, - - $5,000,000 

25th of February, 1 8 13, 5,000,000 

4th of March, 1814, - - 10,000,000 

36th of December, 1814, - 8,318,400 

25th of February, 1815, - 4,969,400 

do do. small, fundable 

at seven per cent. - - 3,392,994 



Do. 


do. 


Do. 


do. 


Do. 


do. 


Do. 


do. 


Do. 


do, 



$36,680,794 



Of this sum, it is estimated, that there was paid off, 
funded, and paid in for duties, taxes, and other 
demands,to the 31st of December 1816, inclusive, 32,980,794 



Leaving unpaid January 1st 1817, by estimate $3 3 700,00<* 

There was remaining unpaid, of the temporary 
loans, January 1st 1817", $50,000 



341 

The whole amount of the debt, therefore, contracted and remaining 
unpaid on the first day of January A. D. 1817, so far as ascertained, 
may be stated as follows, viz. : — 

Six per cent, stock per Act of 14th of March 1812, 
unredeemed, (the commissioners of the sink- 
ing fund having purchased a small part of the 

same,) - - - $7,810,500 

Six per cent, stock, Act of 8th of February, 1813, 18,109,377 43 

Do. do. 2d of August, 1813, 8,498,581 95 

Do. do. 24th of March, 1814, 15,954.619 85 

Do. do. 3d of March, 1815, 12,288,149 64 
Do. Treasury note stock, 24th February, 1815, 60,727 41 

Seven per cent, stock, do. do. 1815, 8,978,974 



Making amount of funded stock, - $71,700,930 28 

Temporary loan unpaid, - - 50,000 

Estimated amount of Treasury notes, outstanding, 3,700,000 



Making the whole amount of the war debt unpaid 

January 1st, 1817. - - $75,450,930 28 

The amount of debt contracted before the late war, and remaining 
unpaid, on the 1st of January, 1817, was as follows, viz. : — 

Old six percent, stock, unredeemed, $2,025,428 30 
Deferred, do. do. 4,485,076 26 

Three per cent. do. - 16,158,180 79 

Six per cent, stock, per act of 1 796, 80,000 
Exchange six per cent, stock per 

act of 1812, - - - 2,984,746 72 
Louisiana six per cent, stock, - 10,923,500 



Amount of old debts, - - $36,656,932 07 



Making the whole amount of the public debt, so 
far as ascertained, and by the best estimates, 
January 1st, 1817, - - $112,107,862 35 



342 

The sum of $7,000,000, subscribed to the Bank of the United 
States, by the government, and which was paid in stock at 5 per cent- 
redeemable at pleasure, is not included in the above account of the 
debt, as it is more than counterbalanced by the shares, which the 
government hold in the Bank. 

SINKING FUND. 

Since 1803, and until March 3d, 1817, the sinking fund has con- 
sisted of a permanent annual appropriation of eight millions of dollars, 
This sum was applicable first to the payment of the interest, and 
the residue, to the payment or purchase of the principal of the public 
debt, that part only therefore, which was applicable to sink or lessen 
the debt, by payment or purchase of the principal, could, in strict- 
ness, be called a sinking fund. The funds from which this sum wa*s 
paid, were 

1st. The fund arising from the titter est on the debt, 
redeemed by payment or purchase ; and which 
passed to the credit of the Commissioners of the 
sinking fund, and which, in 1813, amounted to $ 1,932, 107 92 

2d. The fund arising from the sales of public lands, 

which in 1813, was - 830,671 53 

3d. From the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares 
and merchandize, imported, and on the tonnage of 
vessels, sufficient to make up the balance. 

If the whole of the eight millions was not expended, by the Com- 
missioners, in any one year, the balance went into the expenditures 
of the succeeding year. After paying the interest and reimburse- 
ment of the debt, and such parts of the principal as became due, by 
contract, it was made the duty of the Commissioners, to apply the 
balance of the eight millions, to the purchase, of stock, whenever it 
was at or below par. Notwithstanding this, the late loans, and most 
of the Treasury notes were made a charge on this fund, without any 



343 

addition being made to the fund itself. In consequence of this, the 
fund was over-charged several millions, (even without applying any 
part, to the purchase of the debt, though much below par,) and affor- 
ded no security to the money lender. 

Sensible of this, at last, Congress declared, by the act of November 
15th, 1814, authorizing a loan of three millions of dollars, for which 
stock was to issue reimbursable in twelve years, " that in addition to 
the annual sum of eight millions of dollars, heretofore appropriated to 
the sinking fund, adequate and permanent funds shall, during the pre- 
sent session of Congress, be provided and appropriated, for the pay- 
ment of the interest and reimbursement of the said stock created by 
this act." And by the same act, congress declared, " that an ade- 
quate and permanent sinking fund, gradually to reduce, and eventually 
to extinguish the public debt, contracted, and to be contracted during 
the present war, shall also be established during the present session of 
Congress." And by subsequent acts passed during the same session, 
an annual direct tax of six millions of dollars, and most of the inter- 
nal taxes, were pledged, " towards establishing an adequate revenue, 
to provide for the payment of the expenses of Government, for the 
punctual payment of the public debt, principal and interest, contract- 
ed, or to be contracted, according to the terms of the contracts res- 
pectively ; and for creating an adequate sinking fund, gradually to 
reduce, and eventually to extinguish the public debt contracted, and 
to be contracted" &c. " and were to remain so pledged, until other 
taxes and duties, equally productive, were provided and established 
by law, for the same purposes." 

The stock redeemed by payment or purchase, has, until March 3d, 
1817, in the Treasury books, passed to the credit of the Commission- 
ers of the sinking fund, the interest of which, as before stated, has 
constituted in their hands, a part of the sinking fund. 

The amount thus redeemed and passed to their credit, on the 1st 
day of January, 1814, was - - $33,873,463 98 

On the 3d day of March, 1817, " An Act to provide for the re- 
demption of the public debt," was passed by Congress. By this act 
all acts making appropriations for the purchase or reimbursement of 
(he principal, or for the payment of the interest of the funded debt of 



344 

the United States, arc repealed ; and the annual sum often millions 
of dollars is appropriated to the sinking fund, and is vested in the 
Commissioners of that fund, in the same manner as the moneys here- 
tofore appropriated to the said fund, to be applied by them, to the 
payment of interest and charges, and to the reimbursement or pur- 
chase of the principal of the public debt ; and it is made the duty of 
the Secretary of the Treasury to pay said sum often millions, at such 
time in each year, as to enable the Commissioners to pay the interest 
and principal, in conformity with the engagements of the government. 
This sum of ten millions is to be paid, "from the produce of the 
duties on merchandize imported, and on the tonnage of vessels, and 
from the proceeds of the internal duties, and of the sales of western 
lands." 

In addition to this annual sum often millions, the same act appro- 
priates to the sinking fund for the year 1817, a further sum of nine 
millions of dollars, to be paid out of any money in the Treasury, not 
otherwise appropriated, to be applied, by the Commissioners, to the 
purchase or redemption of the public debt. And by the same act the 
Secretary of the Treasury was authorized, if he deemed it expedient 
so to do, to cause to be paid, to the Commissioners of the sinking 
fund, at any time during the year 1817, a further sum, not exceeding 
four millions of dollars, as an advance to that amount, on the appro- 
priation often millions, payable in the next year, to be applied by 
them to the purchase and redemption of the debt. The same act also 
further provides, " that after the year 1817, whenever there shall be. 
at any time after an adjournment of Congress in any year, a surplus 
of money in the Treasury, above the sums appropriated for the ser- 
vice of such year, the payment of which to the Commissioners of the 
sinking fund, will yet leave in the Treasury, at the end of the year, a 
balance equal to two millions of dollars, then such surplus shall be. 
and the same is hereby appropriated to the sinking fund, to be paid 
at such times as the situation of the Treasury will best permit, and 
shall bo applied by the Commissioners thereof, to the purchase or re- 
demption of the public debt." 

Whenever there shall be a surplus in the sinking fund, after pay- 
ment of the interest and principal, in each year, according to the en- 
gagements of the government, the same is to be applied by tho Com- 



345 

missioners, to purchase the debt, at its market price, provided, that 
there be not paid for three per cent, more than sixty-five dollars, for 
every hundred dollars principal ; for six per cent, stock more than the 
par or true value thereof; and for seven per cent, stock, " there 
shall not be paid an advance above the par value thereof, which shall 
exceed, for every hundred dollars of stock, the computed value of an 
annuity of one dollar for a number of years, equal to that during 
which the stock so purchased will not be reimbursable at the pleasure 
of the government, estimating, in such computation, the interest of 
money, at six per centum per annum." And by the same act, all 
certificates of public debt, which, by payment or purchase, have be- 
come, or hereafter shall become, the property of the United States, 
are to be cancelled or destroyed by the Commissioners, and no inter- 
est shall be considered as accruing thereon. Provision is made in the 
act, that nothing therein contained should be construed to prevent the 
Congress of the United States, if war should occur with any foreign 
power, from applying, to any object of public service, any surplus of 
the sinking fund, which may be left in any year, after paying the in- 
terest and principal which may be due according to the engagements 
of the United States ; and also that nothing in the act should be con- 
strued to repeal, alter, or affect any of the provisions of any former 
act, pledging the faith of the United States to the payment of the in- 
terest or principal of the public debt, except that no payments should 
be made on certificates, which had become the property of the Uni- 
ted States. 

By this new modification, or in fact, this creation of a new sinking 
fund, the annual sum of ten millions of dollars is permanently ap- 
propriated to pay the interest, and sink the principal of the public 
debt, and for the year 1817, the further sum of nine millions is ap- 
propriated to sink the principal, and an advance of four millions more 
is authorized to be taken as part of the ten millions for the year 1818. 
As the annual interest of the debt is about six millions, the funds ap- 
plicable to sink the principal, for the year 1817, will certainly be 
about thirteen millions, and on the advance of the four millions, will 
be about seventeen millions of dollars. 

44 



346 

The whole of the public debt, by the terms of the original con- 
tracts, may be paid by the government, on or before the 1st day of 
January, 1828, the three per cent, being redeemable at the pleas- 
ure of the government. 

The whole of the old six per cent stock will be 
reimbursed in the years 1817, and 1818, the 
unredeemed amount, on the 1st day of Janua- 
ry, 1817, being - - - $2,025,428 30 

The six per cent, stock of 1796 is payable, at 

the close of the year 1819, being - - 80,000 

The Louisiana stock was made payable, in four 
annual instalments, of not less than three mil- 
lions each, the first falling due, at the close of 
the year, 1818, the sum remaining due, Janu- 
ary 1st, 1817, being - - - 10,923,500 

The whole of the deferred stock will be reimburs- 
ed in 1824, the unredeemed amount, January 
1st, 1817, being 4,485,076 26 

Making the whole amount redeemable, according 
to the terms of the contracts, for seven years, 
viz. from January 1st, 1817, to 1824 inclusive, 

the sum of (being on an average $2,502,000 65 

per year,) - - - - - $17,514,004 56 

On the first day of January, 1825, the following funded debt, is 
redeemable, viz. : — 

Stock created by act of 14th March, 1812, $7,810,500 
Converted six per cent, stock of 1812, 2,984,746 
The whole of the seven per cent, stock, 8,978,974 
Treasury note six per cent, stock funded 

to January 1st, 1817, - - 60,727 



Making - - - $19,834,947 



347 

January 1st, 1826, funded stock, to the following amount may be 
redeemed, viz. : 

Stock created by act of February 

8th, 1813, - - $1S,109,377 43 

Stock created by act of August 

2d, 1813, - - 8,498,581 95 



Making, - . - - - $26,607,959 38 

January 1st, 1827, the stock created by act of 

March 24th, 1814, is redeemable, being - 15,954,619 85 
And on the 1st of January, 1828, the stock per 

act of March 3d, 1815, is payable, being - 12,288,149 64 
Making the whole amount redeemable, for four 

years, according to the original contracts, 

viz. from January 1st, 1825, to January 1st,. 

1828, (being on an average, $18,671,418 97 ■ 

per year.) - $74,685,675 87 



By the act establishing the present Bank of the United States, 
twenty-one millions of funded stock might be subscribed and paid in, 
by individuals, as part of the capital, the six per cent, at par, seven 
per cent, at $106 51, for one hundred dollars, and the three per cent, 
at sixty-five dollars, for every one hundred ; and by the same act, it 
was made lawful for the United States, to pay and redeem the funded 
debt so subscribed, " in such sums and at such times" as might be 
deemed expedient. 

The Bank, however, has a right to sell and transfer for gold and 
silver coin, or bullion, the funded stock so subscribed ; provided they 
do not sell more than two millions in any one year, nor sell any part, 
at any one time, within the limits of the United States, without previ- 
ous notice to the Secretary of the Treasury, and offering the same to 
the United States, for the period of fifteen days, at least, at the cur- 
rent price, not exceeding the rates abovementioned. 

As no part of the principal of the debt is payable in the year 1817, 
except the annual reimbursement of the old six and deferred stocks* 



348 

(which is only about one million and a half of dollars,) the greatest 
part of the sinking fund can only be applied, during that year, to the 
purchase of debt, or to the redemption of that p?.rt belonging to the 
Bank : and as the price of stocks, during the summer of 1T1 7, has 
been, and will probably continue to be, the remainder of the year, 
above the par value thereof, the Commissioners can only apply it, to 
the latter object. 

Those who have a curiosity to see the increase of the national 
debt of Great-Britain, from 1689, to February 1st, 1813, together 
with the amount of money applied to the redemption of that debt, 
iromthe commencement of the sinking fund in 1786, to February 1st, 
1813, may consult Tables, No. I. and II. taken from Hamilton's en- 
quiry concerning the national debt of Great-Britain. 

From these it will be seen, that, in 1689, the British national debt 
was only £1,054,925 sterling, and that on the 1st of February, 1813, 
the British funded debt, amounted to £812,013,135 sterling ; that 
of this sum, £210,461,356 had been redeemed by the Commission- 
ers of the sinking fund, £1,961.582 converted for life annuities, and 
that £24,378,804 had been transferred, for the purchase of the land 
tax, making £236,801,742 redeemed on the 1st of February, 1813, 
leaving the unredeemed amount at that time, £575,211,393 consist- 
ing principally of three per cents. On the 1st of February, 1813, 
the produce of the sinking fund was £13,013,914 sterling. 

In the years 1813, 1814, and 1815, great additions were made to the 
British national debt, in consequence of the vast military operations 
on the Continent during those years. It was calculated, that the un» 
redeemed debt for Great-Britain, for Ireland, for Germany, for Portu- 
gal, and for East-India, at the close of the year 1815, would be 
£819,145,385.* 

* See Chalmer's state of the United Kingdoms of Great-Britain and 
Ireland at the peace of Paris, November, 1815- 



349 
TABLE No. I. 



The amount of the National Debt of Great- Britain, at the Revolution, 
and at the commencement and termination of each war, to February 
1st, 1813, has been as follows : — 



National debt at the revolution, 

— at the peace of Ryswick, 

— at the commencement of the war 

— at the peace of Utrecht, 

— at the commencement of the war, 
Funded debt at the peace of Aix la Chapelle, 

— at the commencement of the war, 

— at the peace of Paris, 

— including what was contracted in sub- 
sequent years, to discharge arreas. 

— at the commencement of the American 
war, - 

— at the peace of Versailles, 

— including what was funded in subse- 
quent years, and this being reduced 
by purchases made by the Commis- 
sioners for the redemption of the 
national debt, there remained unre- 
deemed at the commencement of the 
war, - 

— at the peace of Amiens, 
including the loan of 
that year, - £567,008,978 

of which redeemed, 67,225,915 



1689 
1697 
1701 
1714 
1740 
1748 
1756 
1763 



1775 
1783 



1793 
1802 



There was no reduction of the national debt dur- 
ing the short peace which followed the treaty 
of Amiens. 

Funded debt 1st February, 

£812,013,135 

Of which redeemed or converted 

into life annuities, - 212,422,938 



1813 



In this statement the 
years is not included. 



value of annuities errs 

o 



nted for 



£ 

1,054,925 
21,515,742 
16,394,701 
53,681,076 
46,449,568 
78,293,313 
72,289,673 
133,959,270 



1 22,963,254 
238,231,248 



227,989,148 



499,783,063 



599,590,197 



350 
TABLE No. II. 



The amount of money applied for the redemption of the national funded debt 
of Great- Britain, and of capital and interest redeemed since the commence- 
ment oj the sinking fund in 1786, te 1st February, 1813, and the produce 
of the sinking fund at that time, are as follows : — 

Sums Capital Interest 



Three per cents. - 
Four per cents. - 

Five per cents. 

Converted for life annuities, 
Transferred for purchase of land tax, 



expended. 



redeemed, redeemed. 



126,822,903 

6,586,934 

126,998 



133,536,835 



2U2,522,956 

7,796,400 

142,000 



210,461,356 

1,961,582 
24,378,804 



6,075,688 
311,856 

7,100 



236,801,742 



Permanent annual grant to sinking fund, 

Additional permanent annual grant, - 

A mount of one per cent, sinking fund, 

Sinking fund of 1807, on Lord Henry Petty 's plan, 

Annuities, the term of which is expired, 

Life annuities, of which the nominees have died, prior to July 

5th, 1802, ------ 

Life annuities unclaimed for three years, prior to January 5th, 

1813, •% 



Deduct life annuities granted for capital, 
Of which expired, 



.£40,333 
4,660 



6,453,491 



1,000,000 
200,000 

4,738,683 

626,255 

79,880 



21,141 
30,135 



13,149,587 
35,673 



Amount of sinking fund 1st February, 1813, 

The three per cents, were redeemed nearly at 62 7-8 at an 

The four per cents, at 84 1-2. 

The five per cents, at 89 3-8. 

The funded debt, 1st February, 1813, was 

Redeemed by sinking fund, 

Converted for life annuities, - 

Transferred for purchase of land tax, 
Unredeemed debt of Britain, 1st February, 1813, 

Which debt was invested in the following funds 
Bank annuities, 

Loan of 1726, - - * " 

South-Sea annuities, including loan of 17ol, 
Three per cent, consolidated, 
Three per cent, redeemed, - 



(13,013,914 
average. 



£812,013,135 
210,461,356 



£601,551,779 
1,961,582 

£599,590,197 

24,378,804 

£575,2117393 

£11,686,800 
1,000,000 

16,125,684 
312,894,703 

78,760,033 



Four per cent, consolidated, 
Five per cen 
Loyalty loan, 



e per cent, consolidated, 



£92,060,254 
1,622,994 



.£420,467,222 
61,060,921 



93,683,248 
£575,211,392 



CHAPTER X. 



Revenues, derived, princpally, from duties on imports and tonnage- 
Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of the Go- 
vernment, to June 30th, 1816 — Gross and net amount of the customs, accru- 
ing annually, in each state and territory, from the commencement of the 
Government, to 1815, with the amount of drawbacks, &c. — An account of 
internal duties laid prior to 1802 — Amount received, prior to, and since 
their repeal in that year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — Direct 
taxes, laid at different periods— Amount of the valuation of lands and hou- 
ses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands and houses, in 1799, 
and 1814, and 1815 — Proceeds of sales of public lands — Estimate of the 
quantity of public lands yet unsold— Post-Office establishment— Amount 
of postage received — Receipts and expenditures, at different periods. 

Previous to the late war, between the United States and Great- 
Britain, the revenues of the United States were derived from the fol- 
lowing sources, viz. — 

1. Imported articles. 

2. The tonnage of ships and vessels. 

3. Spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills. 

4. Postage of letters. 

5. Taxes on patents. 

6. Dividends on bank stock. 

7. Snuff manufactured, in the United States. 

8. Sugar refined, in the United States. 

9. Sales at auction. 

10. Licences to retail wines and distilled spirits.. 

11. Carriages for the conveyance of persons. - 

12. Stamped paper. 

13. Direct taxes. 

14. Sales of public lands. 

The revenues of the United States have been principally derived 



352 

from duties on imports and tonnage. Internal taxes were laid, at 
different periods, after the commencement of the Government, and by 
an act passed April, 1802, were all discontinued, from and after the 
30th of June of the same year. On the 14th of July, 1798, a direct 
tax, of two millions of dollars, was laid upon the United States, and 
was the only direct tax imposed previous to the late war. 

The customs, as they are called, consist of duties on imports and 
tonnage, and also of monies, arising from passports, clearances, light 
money, &c. The gross amount of the customs is that, which accrues 
on the importation of merchandize, the net amount, as it is called in 
the Treasury book, is that which remains, after deducting the 
drawbacks on the exportation of the same merchandize ; and also for 
drawbacks on domestic spirits exported, on which a duty has been 
paid, and for. bounties and allowances for the fisheries, and on the ex- 
portation of salted provisions, and also, after deducting the expenses 
of prosecution and collection. 

This amount is secured to the Government, by bonds payable at 
different periods, according to the term of credit, given to the import- 
er. Owing, however, to the bankruptcy of obligors, failure of col- 
lectors, and other causes, the whole of the money thus secured does 
not come into the public Treasury. 

The amount of the actual receipts from the customs, from the com- 
mencement of the Government, to June 30, 1816, was as follows- 
viz. — 



From 4th March, '. 


1789, 


From 4th March, 


1789, 


to 31stDecemb< 


jr. Dolls. Cts. 


to 31st December. Dolls. Cts. 


1791 - 


4,399,472 99 


1800 


- 


9,080,932 73 


1792 - 


3,443,070 85 


1801 


- 


10,750,778 93 


1793 - 


4,255,306 56 


1802 


- 


12,438,235 74 


1794 - 


4,801,065 28 


1803 


- 


10,479,417 61 


1795 - 


5,588,461 26 


1804 


- 


11,098,565 33 


1796 - 


6,567,987 94 


1805 


- 


12,936,487 04 


1797 - 


7,549,649 65 


1806 


- 


14,667,698 17 


1798 - 


7,106,061 93 


1807 


- 


15,845,521 61 


1799 - 


6,610,449 31 


1808 


- 


16,363,550 58 



353 

From 4th March 1789, From 4th March 1789, 

to 31st December. Dolls. Cts. to 31st December. Dolls. Cts, 

1809 - 7,296,020 58 1813 - 13,224,623 25 

1810 - 8,583,309 31 1814 - 5,998,772 03 

1811 - 13,313,222 73 1815 - 7,282,942 22 

1812 - 8,958,777 53 

From January 1st, to June 30th, 1816, - 15,426,951 55 

The gross and net annual amount of the customs, which have ac- 
crued, with the amount of drawbacks on merchandize, and on spirits 
exported, of bounties and allowances, and expenses of collection, in 
each state and territory, from March 4th, 1789, to 1815, inclusive, 
appears from table No. I. This serves to shew, not only the amount 
of the customs, with the drawbacks, but also the extent of trade in 
each state and territory. 

The net amount of duties, which accrued, in 1805, 1806 and 1807, 
was as follows. — 

In 1805, - - - - ' - $14,980,218 62 

1806, 16,081,976 60 

1807, 16,493,434 75 



Making $47,555,629 97 

Of this sum, the amount which accrued, and was secured in the 
states of Massachusetts, New-York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
South-Carolina, was as follows, viz.- — 

Massachusetts, - - - $10,409,047 48 

New-York, - 14,584,573 00 

Pennsylvania, - - - - 8,480,699 98 

Maryland, - 4,211,331 88 

South-Carolina, - - - - 2,450,056 57 



Making, in these five states, - $40,135,708 91 

45 



354 

The duties remained nearly the same from 1802 to 1812, except 
an addition of two and a half per cent, on merchandize imported, 
paying duties ad valorem, which constituted the Mediterranean fund ; 
the great increase in the amount therefore, from 1802, to the com- 
mencement of commercial restrictions, was owing, principally, to 
the increased population and consumption of the country, and to the 
prosperous state of American commerce, during this period. 

The duties on imports are laid, either upon the value of the arti- 
cles imported, and which are called duties ad valorem, or a certain 
sum is imposed, on the articles themselves, called specific duties. 

For some years, prior to 1804, goods imported subject to duties 
ad valorem, were divided into three classes, the first class paid twen- 
ty per cent, the second fifteen, and the third twelve and a half per 
cent on their value.* 

On the 25th of March, 1804, by an act, entitled " An act further 
to protect the commerce and seamen of the United States against the 
Barhary powers," an additional duty of two and a half per cent, was 
laid on all the imports then paying duties ad valorem. This increas- 
ed the rate of these duties to twenty-two and a half, seventeen and a 
half, and fifteen per cent. A separate account was to be kept, of the 
monies arising from this additional duty, and it constituted a distinct 
fund, by the name of " the Mediterranean lund," and was to be ap- 
plied solely " for the purpose of defraying the expenses of equipping, 
officering, manning, and employing such of the armed vessels of the 
United States, as may be deemed requisite by the President of the 
United States, for protecting the commerce and seamen thereof, and 
for carrying on warlike operations against the regency of Tripoli, or 
any other of the Barbary powers, which may commit hostilities 
against the United States, and for the purpose of defraying any other 
expenses incidental to the intercourse with the Barbary powers, or 
which are authorized by this act." This additional duty was to 
cease, and be discontinued at the expiration of three months, after 
the ratification of a treaty of peace, with the regency of Tripoli. 

* On goods imported in foreign vessels an addition of ten per cent, is 
made to the amount of this and other duties, except in British vessels from 
"British territories in Europe by the late Convention. 



355 

Peace was made with that regency, in 1805, yet this additional 
duty has been continued by various acts of Congress, until March 3d, 
1815. when it ceased ; and the proceeds of it have been applied, to 
the general expenses of the Government. On the 1st day of July, 
1812, an addition of one hundred per cent, was made to all the per- 
manent duties, to continue during the war then existing between Great- 
Britain and the United States, and one year thereafter. As the addi- 
tional duty, which constituted the Mediterranean fund, was temporary, 
this was not increased by the act. This addition increased the rates 
of duties ad valorem, to forty-two and a half, thirty-two and a half, 
and twenty-seven and a half per cent, until March 3d, 1815, when, 
the Mediterranean fund ceasing, they continued at forty, thirty, and 
twenty-five, until the act laying the double duties was finally re- 
pealed. 

As the act imposing the double duties would expire on the 18th 
day of February, 1816, Congress, by a temporary act of the 5th of 
that month, continued them unto the 30th of June, 1816 ; and also, 
provided, by the same act, that, after that time, 42 per cent, should 
be added to the old duties, until a new tariff should be established by 
law. On the 27th of April, of the same year, an entire new tariff of 
duties was established, to take effect after the 30lh of June, 1816. 

By this, the articles, subject to duties ad valorem, were increased 
and divided into five classes ; the first to pay seven and a half per 
cent, the second 15, the third 20, the fourth 25 for three years, and 
after that, 20 per cent, and the fifth 30 per cent, (see appendix No. 1.) 

The fourth class includes woollens and cottons, and cotton yarns. 
To afford some encouragement and protection to the woollen and cot- 
ton manufactures, which had increased very rapidly, during com- 
mercial restrictions and the war, a duty of 25 per cent, ad valorem, 
was imposed on woollen manufactures, of all descriptions (excepting 
blankets, woollen rugs, and worsted or stuff goods) until the 30th of 
June, 1819, and after that time, 20 per cent, ad valorem, and also 25 
per cent, on cotton manufactures of all descriptions, and on cotton 
twist, yarn, or thread, for the same period, and at the end thereof 20 
per cent ; provided, that all cotton cloths, (excepting nankeens, im- 
ported directly from China) the original cost of which, at the place 
whence imported, with the usual additions of 20 or 10 per cent. 



356 

should be less than 25 cents per square yard, should be taken and 
deemed to have cost 25 cents per square yard, and charged with duty 
accordingly ; and that cotton twist or yarn, unbleached and uncolour- 
ed, the original cost of which was less than 60 cents per pound, 
should be taken to have cost 60 cts. per pound ; and all bleach- 
ed or colored yarn, which originally cost less than 75 cents per 
pound, should be deemed to have cost 7b cents per pound, and pay 
duties accordingly ; and with a further proviso, that cotton piece goods, 
imported in ships of the United States, which sailed before the duties 
were imposed, and returned between the 30th of June, 1816, and the 
1st of June, 1817, the original cost of which, at the place whence im- 
ported, was less than 25 cents per square yard, should be subject 
only to a duty of thirty-three and one third per cent, on their cost, 
and the usual addition of 20 per cent. 

By the new tariff, additions are made to the old rates of specific du- 
ties, with few exceptions, of from thirty to one hundred per cent, cal- 
culated to average, about 42 per cent, ad valorem. 

Articles, in a raw state, necessary for agriculture, or manufactures, 
wearing apparel, and personal baggage in actual use, and the imple- 
ments or tools of trade, of persons arriving in the United States, phi- 
losophical apparatus, books &c. &c. imported by the order, and for 
the use of any society, incorporated for philosophical or literary pur- 
poses, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for any seminary 
of learning, are admitted duty free. (See appendix No. I.) 

No drawbacks are allowed, in case of goods imported in for- 
eign vessels, from any of the dominions, colonies or possessions of any 
foreign power, to and with which, the vessels of the United States 
are not permitted to go and trade ; nor is any drawback allowed, 
for the amount of* the additional duties, on goods imported in ves- 
sels, not of the United States, nor on dried and pickled fish, and 
other salted provisions, or fish oil, or playing cards. The amount re- 
tained by the government, on the drawbacks, is reduced to two and 
a half per cent, except on spirits, on which two cents per gallon is 
retained, and also three per cent, on the amount of duties. 

The net amount of the duties ad valorem, from 1801 to 1812, was, 
from five to seven millions of dollars, a year. 

In 1815, the net amount of ad valorem duties was more than twen- 
ty three millions, and of the specific duties, more than fourteen mil 



35f 

lions of dollars, and the whole amount, including tonnage duties, light 
money, &c. for 1815, was $37,654,486 18 ; of this sum, the amount- 
accruing on goods imported in American vessels, was about twenty- 
eight and a half millions, and in foreign vessels about eight millions, 
seven hundred thousand dollars. The duties on imports, which ac- 
crued, in three first quarters of 1816, amounted to about twenty-seven 
and a half millions of dollars, of which about fifteen millions was on 
goods paying duties ad valorem, and thirteen on that paying specific 
duties. The whole amount which accrued, in the states of Massa- 
chusetts, New-York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South-Carolina, in 
1815, was as follows: — 

Massachusetts, #5,771,667 79 Maryland, $4,050,504 96 
New-York, 14,491,739 30 South-Carolina, 1,429,498 73 
Pennsylvania, 7,142,333 61 



Making, - $32,885,744 39 

Imported spirits, wines, molasses, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, have 
paid specific duties. Previous to the late war, between the United 
States and Great-Britain, the duty on spirits was, on an average, 
about 29 cents per gallon, wines from 58 to 23 cents per gallon, mo- 
lasses 5 cents per gallon, teas, on an average, about 20 cents per pound, 
sugar 2 1-2 cents per pound, coffee 5 cents per pound, and salt 20 
cents per bushel.' By the new tariff, the duty on spirits from grain 
is from 42 to 75 cents per gallon, and on spirits from other materials, 
from 38 to 70 cents per gallon, according to the proof, on wines from 
100 to 25 cents per gallon, on molasses only five cents, on teas direct- 
ly from China, from 12 to 50 cents per pound, from any other place 
than China, or in foreign vessels, 1 from 14 to 68 cents per pound, on 
coffee only five cents, on brown sugar 3 cents, and on white and clay- 
ed 4 cents per pound, and on salt 20 cents per bushel. 

The aggregate amount of duties on these articles, for the years 
1805, 1806; and 1807, was as follows— 





Dolls. 




Dolls. 


Spirits, 


8,053,410 - 


Coffee, 


- 2,073,420 


Wines, 


2,271,834 - 


Sugar, 


- 5,807,579 



Molasses, 
Teas, 



60S 



Dolls. 
1,307,461 

2,880,795 



Salt, 



Dolls. 
2,321,528 



INTERNAL TAXES. 



Soon after the establishment of the Government, duties on spirits 
distilled within the United States, and on stills, were imposed ; other 
internal taxes were afterwards, at different periods, added, and which, 
as before stated, were repealed in 1802. Those which were impos- 
ed, prior to that time, and in the Treasury books, were denominated 
internal taxes, were — 

1. Duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills. 

2. — on snuff manufactured in the United States. 

3. — on refined sugar. 

4. — on sales at auction. 

5. — on licenses to retail wines, and spiritous liquors. 

6. — on carriages for the conveyance of persons. 

7. — on stamped paper. 

The sums actually paid into the Treasury from those internal tax- 
es, from their commencement, to September 30th, 1812, was 
$6,460,003 54 cents. 

The greatest amount of these taxes accrued, in 1801, being 
$989,533 and 29 cents, and the amount accruing in each state ac- 
cording to official Treasury statements, was as follows, viz. : — 



New-Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode-Island, 

Connecticut, 

Vermont, 

New-York, 

New-Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 



Dolls. Cts. 
9,785 70 



32,156 99 
27,220 14 

3,360 73 
143,757 89 

8,043 53 

209,545 46 
6,994 81 



Maryland, 

Virginia, 

North-Carolina, 

South-Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 

Ohio, 



Dolls. Cts. 
83,562 96 

115,444 32 

32,476 23 

45,612 63 

6,452 37 

9,456 99 
23,095 21 

$989,533 29 



359 

And during that year, the following was the amount accruing from 
each object — 

From spirits distilled within the United States, $ 178,659 21 

From stills, - 257,070 3 

From refined sugar, - - 76,539 65 

From sales at auction, - - 66,122 84 

From licenses to retailers, - - 69,173 74 

From carriages, - ... 73,926 21 

From stamped paper, - - 268,041 61 



,533 29 



Although these internal duties were repealed in 1802, their collec- 
tion has never yet been completed. Considerable sums have been 
annually paid into the Treasury, from officers entrusted with the col- 
lection of them, since their repeal ; and on the first day of January, 
1812, the balance due from the Supervisors and other officers of the 
internal revenue, in the several states, as appears by the Treasury 
books, amounted to $254,940 64 

At the first session of the thirteenth Congress, held in the summer 
of 1813, the following internal duties were laid, viz. : — 

1. Duties on licenses for stills and boilers. 

2. — on carriages, for the conveyance of persons. 

3. — on licenses to retailers of foreign merchandize, wines and 

spiritous liquors. 

4. — on sales at auction. 

5. — on refined sugar. 

6. — on stamped paper of a certain description. 

These taxes were to commence on the 1st day of January, 1814. 
And for the purpose of collecting the same, each state was divided in- 
to a certain number of collection districts, each district having a prin- 
cipal collector, with power to appoint deputies under him. 

The amount of the tax laid, on most of these objects, was about 



3G0 

double the former tax on the same, and on licenses to retailers, was 
about three times the amount of the former. 

The original plan of the Treasury department, and which was 
adopted by Congress, contemplated a reliance on loans to carry on 
the war, and for the reimbursement of the old debt. A revenue 
sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the Government, to pay 
the interest of the existing public debt, and the interest on new loans, 
was to be provided. 

The Secretary of the Treasury, in his letter to the Committee of 
ways and means, of January 10th, 1812, in answer to their enquiries 
relative to supplies and revenue, in the event of war, stated, that the 
sum of about nine millions of dollars, would be sufficient to defray the 
ordinary expenses of Government, and to pay the interest of the ex- 
isting public debt ; and that this sum, with the amount of interest on 
new loans, must annually be provided. 

Supposing ten millions to be borrowed in 1812, the sum to be rais- 
ed by taxes in 1813, according to the statement of the Secretary, 
would amount to $9,600,000. To meet this, the Secretary calcula- 
ted, that the duties on imports, if doubled, and with a duty of twenty 
cents per bushel on salt, would produce — - $5,400,000 

and proceeds of sales of lands, ... 600,000 



$6,000,000 
Leaving a deficiency of 3,600,000 



$9,600,000 
To make up this deficiency, the Secretary proposed a direct tax of 
three millions o r dollars, and a tax on spirits distilled and on stills, 
on refined sugar, on licenses to retailers, on sales at auction, on car- 
riages, and stamp paper, sufficient to produce two millions more, both 
amounting to - . - $5,000,000 

Deducting the expenses of collection, assessment, and 

losses, estimated at 750,000 



Leaving, when in full operation, in 1814, - $4,250,000 

But which were estimated to produce, in 1813, only 3,600,000 



361 

These taxes, however, were not laid by Congress, until the sum- 
mer of 1813, to commence from the 1st of January succeeding. 

During the session of Congress, which commenced the 19th day 
of September, 1814, a duty of twenty cents on every gallon of spirits 
distilled within the United States was imposed, in addition to the du- 
ty on licenses for stills and boilers, (with a proviso, that the owner 
of one still only, not exceeding, one hundred gallons capacity, or of 
one boiler, not exceeding in capacity, five gallons, might pay an ad- 
ditional five cents, in lieu of the license duty on spirits distilled from 
domestic materials ;) fifty per cent, was also added to the duty on li- 
censes to retailers ; fifty per cent, on postage ; one hundred per cent, 
to the duty on sales at auction ; these additional duties to commence 
on the 1st day of February, 1815. The carriage tax was also vari- 
ed, from a specific, to an ad valorem duty, and all carriages," not ex- 
clusively employed in husbandry", were made liable to the tax. 

TAX ON MANUFACTURES. 

Duties were likewise imposed, during the same session, on the 
following goods, wares, and merchandize, manufactured within the 
United States, viz. — 

On pig iron, per ton, one dollar ; castings of iron, one dollar and fif- 
ty cents ; bar iron, per ton, one dollar ; rolled and slit iron, per ton, 
one dollar; nails, brads, and sprigs, other than those usually denomi- 
nated wrought* one cent per pound ; candles of white wax, or in 
part of white and other wax, five cents per pound ; mould candles of 
tallow, or of wax other than white, or in part of each, per pound, three 
cents ; hats and caps, in whole or in part of leather, wool, or fur, 
bonnets, in whole or in part of wool or fur, if above two dollars in 
value, eight per centum ad valorem ; hats of chip or wood, covered 
with silk, or other materials, or not covered, if above two dollars in 
value, eight per cent, ad valorem ; umbrellas and parasols, if above 
the value of two dollars, eight per cent, ad valorem; paper, three 
per cent, ad valorem ; playing and visiting cards, fifty per cent, ad 
valorem ; saddles and bridles, six per cent, ad valorem ; boots and 
shoes, exceeding five dollars per pair in value, five per cent, ad vaio- 

46 



3£>2 

fern ; beer, ale, and porter, six per cent, ad valorem ; manufactured 
tobacco, snuff, and segars, twenty per cent, ad valorem ; leather, in- 
cluding all hides and skins, whether tanned, tawed, dressed or other- 
wise made, on the original manufacture thereof, five per cent, ad va- 
lorem ; gold and silver plated ware, jewellery and paste work, six per 
cent, ad valorem. 

In addition to these, duties were laid, the same session, on house- 
hold furniture, and on gold and silver watches. 

The amount of internal duties, which accrued in 

1814, was - - - $3,262,197 12 



Being, on licenses for stills and 
boilers, employed on domes- 
tic materials, - $1,621,542 86 

Do. on foreign materials, - 59,544 35 



1,681,087 19 

On carriages, .... 225,178 47 

On licenses to retailers, - - - 787,065 12 

On sales at auction, - 154,629 20 

On refined sugar, - 11,670 27 
On stamped paper and bank notes, $370,945 27 
By compounding banks, - 39,571 25 



n 410,516 52 

Interest received, - - - - 1,196 85 

Moiley of fines, penalties, and forfeitures, - 2,647 34 



$3,273,990 96 
Deduct amount of duties refunded or remitted, 11,793 84 



$3,262,197 12 



The expense of collection was $148,991 78 

The amount of payments of this sum into the 

Treasury, in 1814, was - - - $1,762,003 23 



363 

The internal duties which accrued in 1815, amount- 
ed to - - - - §6,242,503 55 



Being, on licenses for stills and 

boilers employed on domestic 

materials, - - - §750,503 22 

Do. on foreign materials, - 91,616 59 



On spirits distilled from domestic 
materials, at twenty cents per 
gallon, - - §1,305,160 32 

Do. at twenty-five cents per gallon, 742,398 57 

Do. from foreign materials at twen- 
ty cents per gallon, ■? 159,229 



§842,119 81 



. 2,206,787 89 

On carriages, 165,717 31 

On licenses to retailers, *» 927,444 47 

On sales at auction, 825,132 83 

On refined sugar, 72,807 32 

On stamped paper and bank notes, §334,209 70 
By compounding banks, - - 84,422 10 



418,631 80 

On various goods, wares, and merchandize, manufac- 
tured in the United States, - - 793,625 53 

On household furniture, and gold and silver watches, 93,034 50 

Interest and additions received on duties not punc- 
tually paid, .... 14,827 85 

Moiety of fines, - 9,142 90 



§6,369,272 90 
Deduct amount of duties, refunded or remitted, 126,769 35 



i,242,503 55 



The expense of collection was §279,227 67 

And amount paid to the Treasury in 1815, was §4,697,252 19 



The amount of internal duties, received into the 
Treasury, from January 1st to June 30th, 1G1G, 
was, - 



§3,241,427 85 



The internal duties which accrued in each stale and territory, in 
1814 and 1815, with the amount of duties on manufactures, from 
April loth, 1815, to February 22d, 1816, the time when they were 
in force, and the number of carriages in each state, in 1815, were as 
follows : — 









•Vmount of du-j 










ties on manu- 


No. of 








factures, from 


carria- 




Vmount of in- 


\ mount of in- 


\piit 18th, 


ges 




ternal revenue. 


ternal revenue 


1815, to Feb. 


taxed, 




1814. 


1815. 


22d, 1816. 


1815. 




Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 




New-Hampshire, 


33,406 92 


50,963 31 


6,500 83 




Massachusetts, 


256,009 98 


528,455 64 


84,888 87 


14,184 


Vermont, 


49,297 7 


71,023 45 


11,654 92 


1,628 


Rhode-Island, 


47,397 99 


47,750 42 


1,364 45 


722 


Connecticut, 


110,362 22 


201,199 16 


24,676 72 


6,319 


New- York, 


582,967 29 


1,223,231 62 


195,843 74 


7,715 


New-Jersey, 


112,328 75 


211,705 21 


35,469 72 


7,892 


Pennsylvania, 


699,353 40 


1,380,020 41 


267,978 16 


8,361 


Delaware, 


26,144 56 


54,394 87 


12,493 78 


2,081 


Maryland, 


180,044 37 


451,556 15 


85,605 95 


4,550 


Virginia, 


389,690 34 


709,206 62 


79,715 60 


7,047 


North -Carolina, 


138,199 43 


284,964 50 


15,989 10 


4,859 


Ohio, 


10-1,608 59 


172,152 46 


28,272 79! 219 


Kentucky, 


172,337 88 


284,649 93 


39,800 58 ! 546 


South-Carolina, 


136,235 


204,922 75 


12,845 3S 4,lf8 


Tennessee, 


90,100 40 


179,689 87 


17,567 51 


154 


Georgia, 


59,265 18 


155,513 58 


10,933 82 


1,918 


Louisiana, 


33,522 14 


59,150 57 


2,475 8 


430 


Illinois Territory, 


1,791 82 


2,975 59 




18 


Michigan do. 


1,587 11 


2,003 96 


58 54 


28 


Indiana do. 


4,570 6 


8,294 34 


1,196 50 


5 


Missouri do. 


3,739 73 


5.269 81 


401 52 


6 


Mississippi do. 


7,279 2 


10,921 42 


3,036 10 


73 


District of Columbia 


33,743 9S 


69,257 26 


12,727 25 


316 




£3,273,990 9e 


$6,369,272 9C 


§951,769 84 


! 76,616 



365 

In 1815, sixty-four thousand carriages were valued, at a sum not 
exceeding one hundred dollars each, and paid $94,000, and twelve 
thousand were valued, at sums exceeding one hundred dollars each, 
and paid $72,000. 

The whole number of stills and boilers, in the United States, in 
1815, was computed to be thirty-eight thousand five hundred and thir- 
ty, consisting of 

Boilers, of an average capacity of one hundred and 

two gallons. - 650 

Stills of capacities not exceeding fifty gallons, - 11,070 

Do. do. between fifty and one hundred gallons, 17,080 
Do. do. between one hundred and two hundred 

gallons, .... - 9,160 

Do. do. exceeding two hundred gallons, - 570 



Soon after the termination of the late war between the United 
States and Great-Britain, the duties on manufactures, on household 
furniture, and on gold and silver watches, and on spirits distilled with- 
in the United States, were entirely repealed. The additional duties 
on postage, and on licenses to retailers, were also repealed. The 
stamp duties, and duty on refined sugar, were continued in force, 
without limitation of time. The duty on licenses for stills and boilers 
was, likewise, continued in force, and about one hundred per cent, was 
added to the duty imposed, in 1813. The internal duties, remain- 
ing therefore, in 1817, are duties on licenses for stills and boilers, on 
licenses to retailers, on carriages, on refined sugar, on sales at auc- 
tion, and on stamp paper and bank notes. 

DIRECT TAXES. 

On the 14th of July, 1798, the first direct tax under the Constitu- 
tion, (being two millions of dollars,) was laid upon the United States. 



366 

and was apportioned among the several states, according to the prin- 
ciples of the Constitution, as follows, viz. — 

Dolls. Cts. Mis 

NewJlampshire, - - 77,705 36 2 

Massachusetts, - - - 260,435 31 2 

Rhode-Island, - - - 37,502 8 

Connecticut, - - - 129,767 2 

Vermont, - - - 46,864 18 7 

New-York, - - - 181,680 70 7 

New-Jersey, - - - 98,387 25 3 

Pennsylvania, - - - 237,177 72 7 

Delaware, - 30,430 79 2 

Maryland, - - - 152,599 95 4 

Virginia, - 345,488 66 5 

Kentucky, - - - 37,643 99 7 

North-Carolina, - - - 193,697 96 5 

South-Carolina, - - - 112,997 73 9 

Georgia, .... . 38,814 87 5 

Tennessee, - - 18,806 38 3 

This tax was laid upon all dwelling-houses, and lands, and on 
slaves between the ages of twelve and fifty, within the United States. 
The houses and lands were valued, according to the provisions of a 
law passed, on the 9th of July, 1798, and by the same act, all slaves 
above the age of twelve and under the age of fifty, except such as, 
" from fixed infirmity or bodily disability, were incapable of labour," 
were also enumerated. This sum of two millions was assessed, on 
the dwelling-houses, lands, and slaves, according to the valuations and 
enumerations, made by said act, in the manner following, viz. — 

" Upon every dwelling-house, which, with the out-houses, appurtenant 
thereto, and the lot, whereon the same were erected, not exceeding two 
acres, shall be valued at more than one hundred dollars, and not more than 
five hundred dollars, a sum equal to two tenths of one per cent, on the 
amount of valuation— - 

At more than $500, and not more than §1,000, three tenths of one per ct 
At more than 1,000, and not more than 3,000, four tenths of do. 
At more U*m 3,000, and not more than 6,000, five tenths of 



367 

At more than 6,000, and not more than 10,000, six tenths of dij. 
At more than 10,000, and not more than 15,000, seven tenths of do. 
At more than 15,000, and not more than 20,000, eight tenths of do. 
At more than 20,000, and not more than 30,000, nine tenths of do. 
And on all dwelling-houses, valued at 
more than ... 30,000, one pr. ct. on the valuation" 

Upon every slave enumerated, there was assessed fifty cents. 

After deducting the amount of the sums, thus assessed upon dwell- 
ing-houses and slaves, within each state, from the sum apportioned to 
such state, the remainder was assessed, upon the lands in such state, 
according to the valuation made in pursuance of said act, and at such 
rate per centum, as was sufficient to produce the said remainder. 

The number of acres of lands in the 

United States, valued under the And was valued at 

act, was - - - 163,746,688, §479,293,263 13 

The number of dwelling-houses, 

over one hundred dollars, was - 276,695, 140,683,984 79 



Making for both, .... §61 9,977,247 92 

And the number of slaves enumera- 
ted, was - - - 393,219 

The proportion of the two millions, assessed upon hou- 
ses, according to the foregoing principles, was - §471,988 96 
Upon land, - 1,327,713 21 
And upon slaves, - - 196,609 50 

Table No. II. exhibits a general view of the number of acres of 
land, and number of dwelling-houses, with their respective valuations, 
and number of slaves, in each state, with the proportion of the tax, as- 
sessed upon each of them. 

The quantity of land valued in each state, and the amount of its 
valuation, was as follows, viz. — . 

No. of acres. Valuation. 

Dolls. Cts. 
New-Hampshire, - 3,749,061 - 19,028.108 3 
Massachusetts. - 7 ; 83 1.628 - 59,445,642 64 





No. of acres. 


Valuation. 
Dolls. Cts. 


Rhode-Island, 


565,844 


8,082,355 21 


Connecticut, 


2,649,149 ■ 


■ 40,163,955 34 


Vermont, 


- 4,918,722 - 


15,165,484 2 


New- York, 


- 16,414,510 - 


74,885,075 69 


New-Jersey, 


- 2,788,282 - 


- 27,287,981 89 


Pennsylvania, 


- 11,959,865 ■ 


72,824,852 60 


Delaware, 


1,074,105 


4,053,248 42 


Maryland, 


- 5,444,272 


- 21,634,004 57 


Virginia, 


- 40,458,644 


- 59,976,860 4 


N. Carolina, 


- 20,956,467 


■ 27,909,479 70 


S. Carolina, 


- 9,772,587 


- 12,456,720 94 


Georgia, 


- 13,534,159 


- 10,263,506 95 


Kentucky, 


- 17,674,634 - 


20,268,325 7 


Tennessee, 


- 3,951,357 ■ 


5,847,662 00 




163,746,686 


$479,293,263 13 



In some of the states, the valuations were not completed, until thre< 
or four years after the tax was laid. The amount of this direct tax, 
received into the public Treasury, to the 30th of September, 1812. 
was $1,757,240 84. 

A second direct tax was laid, August 2d, 1813, its amount war 
three millions of dollars, and was apportioned among the states, ac- 
cording to the Constitution, on the census of 1810, as follows : — 





Dolls. Cts. 




Dolls. Cts. 


New -Hampshire 


- 96,793 37 


Maryland, 


151,623 94 


Massachusetts, - 


316,270 98 


Virginia, - 


- 369,018 44 


Rhode-Island, - 


34,750 78 


Kentucky, 


- 168,928 76 


Connecticut, 


118,167 71 


Ohio, 


- 103,150 14 


Vermont, 


98,343 71 


N. Carolina, ■ 


• 220,238 28 


New -York, 


430,141 62 


S. Carolina, - 


151,905 40 


New -Jersey, 


108,871 83 


Tennessee, 


- 110,086 55 


Pennsylvania, - 


365,479 16 


Georgia, - 


- 94,936 49 


Delaware, 


32,046 25 


Louisiana, 


28,295 11 



369 

The sums, thus apportioned to each state, were, by the act laying 
the tax, again apportioned to each county, in the state. This appor- 
tionment among the several counties was made, according to two dif- 
ferent rules, recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury. In 
those states, where there was a state tax, each county's quota of the 
direct tax was made to bear the same proportion to the whole quota 
of the state, as the amount of the state tax, paid by such county, bore 
to the whole sum paid in the state, for the state tax. 

The second rule, as stated and explained by the Secretary, was as 
follows, viz. — 

" In those states, where there is no state tax, or if there be one, 
the proportions, in which it is apportioned among the counties, is not 
known, the principle assumed for a basis is, that the comparative ad- 
vancement of wealth (or rather the increase in the value of property, 
subject to the direct tax now to be imposed) and of population in the 
different districts of the same state, have been equal, since the year 
1799 ; so that if a given portion of a state containing, for example, 
one fourth of the population of the state, and which paid in 1799, 
one fourth of the direct tax of that state, now contains one third of the 
whole population of the state, it ought now to pay one third of the 
whole tax to be imposed upon the state. And in respect to popula- 
tion for both epochs, although the federal numbers , or numbers repre- 
sented in Congress, have been taken as the Constitution directs, for 
ascertaining the quota of each state, of the whole sum to be raised in 
the United States, yet, for apportioning the sum thus found as the 
quota of any state, among the several counties of that state, the whole 
numbers of the several counties, including slaves, have been taken • 
because it is considered that the slaves increase the wealth, or the 
ability to pay, in a ratio, at least, equal to the augmented quota, which 
this mode will give, to those parts of a state, in which slaves are pos- 
sessed, over those in which there are none, or a smaller number. 
Maryland is the only state where there is a considerable proportion of 
slaves, to which this mode of apportioning the tax among the counties 
has been applied. The process then is, to make the quota of each 
county in a given state, compared with its population in 1810, bear 
the same proportion to the present quota of the state, compared with 
its whole population in 1810, as the quota of the same county ; of the 

4r 



3ro 

direct tax of 1799, compared with its population by the census of 
1800, bore to the quota of the whole state of the direct tax of 1799 
compared with its whole population in 1800." A difference in the 
value of lands and houses, in different counties, produced a great ine- 
quality in the sums paid by individuals, in the same state, though 
possessed of lands valued alike, and shewed the injustice of both of 
these modes, of apportioning each state's quota, among the several 
counties. In the state of Massachusetts, the inhabitants of the county 
of Cumberland, for every hundred dollars value of their lands and 
houses, paid thirty-eight cents and nine mills, while in several other 
counties, the sum paid on every one hundred dollars value of lands 
and houses, was only seventeen cents, and the average paid through 
the whole state, was only twenty-one cents and two mills, for every 
one hundred dollars. Similar inequalities, though not, in many in- 
stances, so great, took place, in all the states in which valuations were 
made. 

This tax was laid and assessed " on the value of all lands and lots 
of ground, with their improvements, dwelling houses, and slaves ;" 
and these several articles were to be enumerated and valued by the 
respective assessors, at the rate each of them was worth in money. 
The valuations were to be made, within sixty days, after the 1st day 
of February, 1814. Each state had the right of assuming its propor- 
tion of this tax, with a deduction of fifteen per cent, if assumed and 
paid, before the 10th day of February, 1814, and if assumed and 
paid before the 1st day of May of the same year, with a deduction 
of ten per cent. 

In the states which assumed the tax, no valuations were made, un- 
der the act. In the other states, the valuations and enumerations 
were made, according to the law. 

On the 9th of January, 1815, Congress passed an act laying an an- 
nual direct tax of six millions of dollars. This was laid, and was to 
be assessed, in the same manner, as the direct tax of 1813. 

In those states, which had assumed the former direct tax, valuations 
were to be made under this act, and in those, which did not assume 
iiat tax, the valuations made under the act of 1813 were to remain, 
except where changes of property had rendered alterations necessary. 
The quotas of each state were not again apportioned, among the sev- 



371 

eral counties, as in the former tax, but the valuations made in the sev- 
eral collection districts, in each state, were to be equalized, by the 
principal assessors, throughout the state. Each state had, also, the right 
of assuming and paying its proportion of this tax, and if assumed and 
paid before the 1st of May, in each year, had an allowance of fifteen 
percent, and if paid before the 1st of October, an allowance of ten 
per cent. 

This tax was laid, as the title declares, " for defraying the ex- 
penses of government, and maintaining the public credit," and was 
to be collected every year, and the Secretary of the Treasury was 
authorized to fix a day in the month of February in each year, when 
the collectors should proceed and collect the same. 

The aggregate amount of the valuations of houses, lands, and slaves 
in the United States, (except Louisiana, the return from which being 
incomplete,) made under these acts, as revised and equalized by the 
principal assessors, was $ 1,902, 296, 961, and thirty -four cents. 
The value of each was not returned separately, to the Treasury de- 
partment, by the assessors, in many of the states. If the number of 
slaves be taken at one million two hundred thousand, and probably 
not more than that number were valued, and the value of each be es- 
timated at $250, the value of slaves will be about three hundred 
millions of dollars leaving for houses and lands about sixteen hundred 
millions; from which deduct the value of houses and lands in 1799, 
and the increase will be, including the state of Ohio, about nine hun- 
dred and eighty-three millions of dollars. The value of houses, lands, 
and slaves, in each state, with the value ofhouses and lands, after de- 
ducting the estimated value of slaves, and the value of houses and 
lands in 1799, and the increased value, in each state, from 1799 to 
1815, may be stated, as follows, viz. : — 



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As the value of slaves is difierent in different states, and the num- 
ber of slaves valued cannot be ascertained by the returns of the as- 
sessors, the value of houses and lands in most of the slave-holding 
states, in 1814 and 1815, cannot be ascertained with precision. It 



373 



is believed, that the valuations raade in most of the states, and par- 
ticularly in those to the south, in 1799, were considerably under 
their real value. Making, however, every allowance for a difference 
in the judgments of the assessors, and for the depreciation of money, 
in consequence of the increase of bank paper, and other causes, the 
increase in the real value ofhouses and lands, in the United States, 
has been great beyond example. In those states where most of the 
lands have long since been cleared, and the population has been near- 
ly stationary since 1799, the increase has been from seventy to about 
one hundred per cent. ; and in those states, where new lands have 
invited emigration, the increase has been much greater. 

In the state of New-York, in the course of fifteen years, the in- 
crease has been from one hundred millions, to two hundred and seven- 
ty millions ; and in the state of Pennsylvania, from a little more than 
one hundred millions, to three hundred and forty-six millions. 

The average value of lands per acre, including the buildings there- 
on, according to the above valuation, in 1814 and 1815, in the seve- 
ral states, may be stated nearly as follows : — ■ 





Per acre. 




Per acre. 




Dolls. Cts. 




Dolls. Cts. 


New-Hampshire, 


9 


Delaware, 


13 


Massachusetts, 


18 


Maryland, 


20 


Rhode-Island, 


39 


Virginia, 


4 15 


Connecticut, 


34 


North-Carolina, 


2 50 


Vermont, 


6 40 


South-Carolina, 


8 


New York, 


16 50 


Georgia, 


2 50 


New-Jersey, 


35 


Kentucky, 


4 


Pennsylvania, 


29 


Tennessee, 


6 



The average value, throughout the United States, is about ten dol- 
lars per acre. 

In this calculation, the number of acres is taken from the returns of 
the quantity of lands valued in each state, in 1799 ; the returns of 
the quantity of lands valued in 1814 and 1815, being, in some of the 
states, incomplete. 



3r4 

The states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vir- 
ginia, South-Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and 
Ohio, assumed and paid their proportion of the 
three millions direct tax, of 1813, being, $1,363,290 31 

Leaving for the other states, - - 1,636,709 69 



$3,000,000 00 



The amount of this tax remaining 
uncollected and unaccounted for, 
Nov. 27th, 1816, was - $35,757 97 

The states of New-York, South-Carolina, Georgia, 
and Ohio, assumed and paid their quota of the 
six millions tax, being, ... $1,634,267 46 

Leaving for the other states, (including $19,998 
for the district of Columbia,) 



Of this tax there was collected, October 31st, 1816, $3,820,000 

Remaining to be collected at that time, $565,739 

The act of the 9th of January, 1815, imposing an annual direct tax 
of six millions of dollars, was repealed on the 5th of March, 1816, and 
a direct tax of three millions was imposed, for 1816, only, and 
the sum of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine dollars, and 
twenty cents was laid on the district of Columbia. 

The States of New-York, South-Carolina, Georgia 

and Ohio, assumed their quota of this tax, being, $781,133 73 

Leaving for the other states and district of Colum- 
bia, - 2,228,865 47 



Of this sum there was collected, October 31st, 1816, 70,000 
Remaining to be collected, - - - $2,158,865 47" 



375 
SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS 

Since the opening of the several land offices for the sale of lands 
belonging to the United States, the following sums have been receiv- 
ed into the Treasury, each year from the proceeds of the sales of 
public lands, viz. : — 





Dolls. Cts. 






Dolls. Cts. 


In 1796 


4,836 13 


In 1807 


- 


466,163 27 


1797 


83,540 60 


1808 


- 


647,939 6 


1798 


11,963 11 


1809 


- 


442,252 33 


1799 


- 


1810 


- 


696,548 82 


1800 


443 75 


1811 


- 


1,040,237 53 


1801 


167,726 6 


1812 


- 


710,427 78 


1802 


188,628 2 


1813 


•• 


835,655 14 


lb03 


165,675 69 


1814 


■ - 


1,135,971 9 


1804 


487,526 79 


1815 


- 


1,287,959 28 


1805 


540,193 80 


1816 estimated at 1,500,000 00 


1806 


765,245 73 









The whole number of acres sold at the different land offices, north- 
west of the river Ohio, from the commencement of the sales, to Octo- 
ber 1st, 1816, was seven millions fifty-four thousand six hundred 
and eighty-nine ; the whole purchase money, was $14, 960,784 48, 
and the balance due, at the latter period, was $4,511,202 85. The 
whole number of acres sold in the Mississippi Territory, to October 
1st, 1816, was one million seventy-three thousand eight hundred and 
forty-two ; and the purchase money, $2,303,365 82. In conse- 
quence of the late extinguishment of the Indian title, to large por- 
tions of land in that territory, it is expected, that large tracts will be 
offered for sale there, in 1817, and in subsequent years. 

It has been calculated by the Secretary of the Treasury, that after 
1819, the public revenue from the sales of lands will be three millions 
a year. 

In December, 1813, the Commissioner of the land office, in his 
report to Congress, estimated the lands then belonging to the United 



376 

States, to be four hundred millions of acres, and which were situated 
as follows : — 

In the state of Ohio. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 6,725,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - 5,575,000 



Total number of acres of land in Ohio, - 12,300,000 

In the territory of Michigan. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,100,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - - 11,400,000 



Total in Michigan, - - 16,500,000 

In the Indiana and Illinois south of the parallel of latitude passing by 
the south extremity of Lake Michigan. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 33,000,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - - 23,200,000 



Total in Indiana and Illinois, - - - 56,200,000 

In the territory zvest of Lake Michigan, and north of said parallel of 

latitude. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,500,000 



$77 



"Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - - 54,500 ,00'0 



Total west of Michigan, - 60,000,00'0 

In the Mississippi Territory. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,900,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - - 49,100,000 



Total in the Mississippi Territory, - 55,000,000 

In the cession made by the French Government, 
April 30th, 1803, and including the Territory of 
Missouri and State of Louisiana, and the land east 
of the River Mississippi and Island of New-Orleans, 
as far as the River Perdido, at least, - 200,000,000 



Grand total number of acres, - - * 400,000,000 

Making the quantity of lands, unsold, to which the Indian title has 
been extinguished, east of the Mississippi river, fifty-six millions two 
hundred and twenty-five thousand acres. As to the quantity obtain- 
ed by the cession from France, the Commissioner of the land office 
does not give the data on which he made his calculation. As the 
northern and western bounds of Louisiana are yet undetermined, the 
calculation, it is presumed, must rest, in no small degree, on conjec- 
ture. 

POSTAGE. 

By the Constitution, Congress have power to establish post-offices 
and post-roads : and soon after the commencement of the Govern- 
ment, laws were passed, to carry this power into effect. 

48 



3f8 

The benefits arising from the post-office establishment, to individu- 
als are immense, and in some years, the public have derived no in- 
considerable revenue from this source. 

Table No. III. exhibits an account of the post-office establishment, 
from 1789, to 1816, inclusive, containing the number of post-offices, 
amount of postage, compensation to post-masters, incidental expenses, 
transportation of the mail, net revenue, and extent of post-roads, for 
each year, during that period. 

From this will be seen the increase of the establishment at the fol- 
lowing periods — 





No. of post- 


Xet revenue. 


Extent in miles 




offices. 


Dolls. Cts. 


of post-roads. 


1791 


89 


9,637 29 


1,905 


1801 


1,025 


65,291 84 


22,309 


1811 


2,403 


88,148 51 


37,035 



1816 - 3,260 - 156,579 - 48,976 

The net revenue for each year, was as follows : — 

Dolls. Cts. 

1790 - 5,794 95 1804 

1791 - 9,637 29 1805 

1792 - 12,913 6 1806 

1793 - 32,707 10 1807 

1794 - 38,974 28 1808 

1795 - 42,726 78 1809 

1796 - 63,495 42 1810 

1797 - 63,884 16 1811 

1798 - 03,892 94 1812 

1799 - 76,808 44 1813 

1800 - 66,810 81 1814 

1801 - 65,291 84 1815 

1802 - 45,120 25 1816 

1803 - 29,458 74 



Dolls. 


Cts 


51,947 


40 


44,005 


92 


33,872 


17 


24,877 


62 


8,621 


78 


55,715 


2 


83,148 51 


109,042 66 


22,143 




3,214 




294,944 




156,579 





3?9 

The weekly transportation of the mail, in stages, on the 3d of 
March, 1793, was eight thousand five hundred and sixty -seven miles? 
in sulkies and on horseback, was seven thousand six hundred and six- 
ty-two miles, and yearly transportation, was eight hundred forty-five 
thousand four hundred and sixty-eight miles ; on the 3d of March, 
1811, the weekly transportation, in stages, was forty-six thousand 
three hundred and eighty miles ; in sulkies and on horseback, was 
sixty-one thousand one hundred and seventy-one, and yearly trans- 
portation was five millions five hundred ninety-two thousand, six hun- 
dred and fifty-two miles. And in 1816, the weekly transportation 
was seventy-one thousand and forty-six miles, in sulkies and on horse- 
back, seventy-four thousand five hundred and sixteen, and yearly 
transportation was seven millions five hundred sixty-nine thousand 
two hundred and twenty-four miles. 

The revenue derived from the post-office, in Great-Britain, for the 
year ending the 4th of January, 1808, was £\ ,277,538 sterling, and 
in the year ending January 5tb, 1812, was £1,478,505 sterling, or 
about $6,600,000. The net revenue from the post-office in France, 
in 1807, was about seven millions of francs, or one million, four hun- 
dred thousand dollars. 

The receipts from fees on patents, and other sources, may be seen, 
in table No. IV. under the head " Miscellaneous." 

The whole net amount of Revenue, which accrued 

in 1815, was - $50,906,106 43 

Being, from the Customs, - $37,656,486 18 
do. Internal duties, 5,963,225 88 

do. Direct tax, - 5,723,152 25 

do. Public lands, - 1,287,959 28 

do. Postage & other in- 

cidental receipts, 275,282 84 



$50,906,106 43 



Making between six and seven dollars, for each person in the 
United States. The annual revenue of Great-Britain and Ireland, for 
several years, during the late wars, in Europe, was $310,000,000, 



380 

being mote than twenty dollars, for each person, in the united king- 
dom of Great Britain and Ireland. The revenue of Franc'e, in 1806. 
was estimated at one thousand and fifty millions of francs,* or about 
two hundred and ten millions of dollars, and in 1816, at eight hun- 
dred millions of francs, or about one hundred and sixty millions of 
dollars. 

During the late war between the United States and Great-Britain, 
;he government experienced serious difficulties in the collection of its 
revenue, and in the management of its finances. Most of the state 
banks, particularly those to the south of New-England, stopped pay- 
ing specie for their notes, in September, 1813. In consequence of 
this, their notes depreciated from ten, to fifteen and twenty per cent, 
and the revenue was collected, in a very unequal medium. To re- 
medy those evils in future, and to afford the government, at all times, 
the necessary aid, in its fiscal operations, Congress, by an act of the 
10th of April, 1816, established a Bank, called " the Bank of the 
United States," to continue until the 3d of March, 1836, with a ca- 
pital of thirty-five millions of dollars, divided into three hundred and 
fifty thousand shares, of one hundred dollars each. 

Seventy thousand shares, or seven millions of dollars, to be taken, 
in behalf of the United States, payable in five per cent, stock, re- 
deemable at the pleasure of the government, and the residue being 
twenty-eight millions, to be subscribed by individuals, one fourth to 
be paid, in gold and silver, and three fourths, either in gold or silver, 
or in the funded debt of the United States, contracted, at the. time of 
the subscription. The bank was to be managed by twenty-five di- 
rectors, five, to be annually appointed by the President and Senate, 
and twenty, by the stockholders. The subscribers are made a cor- 
poration, having nearly the same powers and privileges, with some 
few exceptions, as were granted in the charter of the old bank of the 
United States. The corporation is prohibited from suspending the 
payment of its bills in gold or silver, on the penalty of paying twelve 
per cent, interest, to the holders of such bills, after demand of pay- 
ment and refusal. No other bank is to be established by the United 

* See Mr. Walsh's very able letter, on the genius and disposition of the 
French government, including- a view of the taxation of the French em- 
pire, 1810. 



381 

States, during the continuance of the charter ; and for this privilege, 
the corporation is to pay a premium of $1,500,000, in three equal 
annual instalments, the first to be paid, in 1819. 

The whole of the capital was subscribed, and the bank went into 
successful operation, on the 1st of January, 1817 ; and in the course 
of seven or eight months, from that time, the shares were sold at an 
advance of more than fifty per cent. The capital of this bank, it is 
believed, is larger, than that of any other bank ever established, in 
any country, since banking institutions were known, except the capi- 
tal of the bank of England. At the time of the establishment of this 
bank, the capital of the various state banks amounted to, at least,, 
eighty millions of dollars, making the whole banking capital, in the 
United States, at least one hundred and fifteen millions of dollars. 

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 

A general view of the annual receipts from the various sources of 
revenue, and of the annual expenditures of the Government, from its 
commencement, and the objects of expenditure, cannot be uninteres- 
ting. Table No. IV. exhibits a statement of the annual receipts, 
from the customs, internal revenue, direct tax, postage, public lands, 
and other miscellaneous sources ; and also, the annual expenditures for 
the military, Indian, and naval departments, foreign intercourse, Bar- 
bary powers, civil list, and miscellaneous civil, from the commence- 
ment of the Government to the 31st of March 1815. 

The aggregate amount of the receipts and of the expenditures for 
the objects above mentioned, for that period, were as follows : — 



Prom 4th of March, 


1789, 


Receipts. 


Expenditures. 


to 31stDecembei\ 


Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 


1791 


- 


4,418,913 99 


- 1,718,129 37 


1792 


- 


3,661,932 31 


- 1,766,077 15 


1793 


- 


4,614,423 14 


- 1,707,348 28 


1794 


- 


5,128,432 87 


- 3,500,348 20 


1795 


- 


5,954,534 59 


- 4,350,596 45 


1796 


«> 


7,137,529 65 


- 2,531,930 40 



Years. 
1797 
1793 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
From Jan. 1st, 
of March, 1 



3S2 

Receipts. 

Dolls. Cts. 

8,303,560 99 

7,820,575 80 

7,475,773 31 

10,777,709 10 

- 12,846,530 95 
13,668,233 95 
11,064,097 63 
11,826,307 38 
13,560,693 20 

- 15,559,931 7 
16,398,019 26 
17,060,661 93 

7,773,473 12 

9,384,214 28 

14,423,529 9 

9,801,132 76 

14,340,409 95 

11,181,625 16 

toSlst 

515, 2,837,058 21 



Expenditures. 

Dolls. Cts. 

2,833,590 96 

4,623,223 54 

6,480,166 72 

7,411,369 97 

4,981,669 90 

3,737,079 91 

4,002,824 24 

4,452,858 91 

6,357,234 62 

6,080,209 36 

4,984,572 89 

6,504,333 85 

7,414,672 14 

5,311,082 28 

5,592,604 86 

17,829,498 70 

28,082,396 92 

30,127,686 38 

12,337,825 43 



$247,019,302 79 $184,719,336 43 



-During this period, the receipts from the 



Customs, were 
Internal revenue, 
Direct taxes, 
Postage of letters, 
Sales of public lands, 
Miscellaneous 



$222,530,374 56 
9,016,342 24 
4,476,326 53 
- 747,388 40 
8,658,369 38 
1,590,001 68 

$247,019,302 79 



383 

The expenditures, during the same period, were 

For pay and subsistence of the army, - $88,270,562 85 

Fortifications of ports and harbors, - - 4,374,805 26 

Fabrication of cannon, - - 263,61154 

Purchase of saltpetre, - 150,000 

Additional arms, - - 300,000 

Arming and equipping the militia, - - 1,100,000 

Detachment of militia, - - - 170,000 

Services of militia, - - - 2,000,000 

Services of volunteers, - - - 1,000,000 



$97,628,979 65 



Indian department, 

Holding treaties, - $878,313 68 
Trading houses, - 459,726 98 



1,338,040 66 



Naval department, - - - 47,818,303 68 

Foreign intercourse, (exclusive of Barbary pow- 
ers) and including the sum of $6,361,000 paid 
under the convention with Great-Britain, of 8th 
of January 1802, and with France of the 30th 
April, 1803, - - - 10,678,015 34 

Barbary powerss, -. - - 2,405,322 40 

Civil list, -. - - 14,940,695 79 

Miscellaneous civil, - - - 9,909,978 91 



$184,709,336 43 

In addition to the above sum of - - $247,019,302 79 

Received, from various sources of revenue, 
from March 4th, 1789, to March 31st, 



384 

1315, there was received into the Treas- 
ury, during the same period, for 

Sales of bank stock, - - - 2,671,860 

Dividends on do. - - 1,101,720 

Interest on stock remitted to Europe, - 136,400 

Gain on exchange, - - 805,127 59 

And from foreign and domestic loans, - 102,423,077 02 



Making the sum total of receipts to March 

31st 1815, - -• - $354, 157,487 20 



Besides the sum of - $184,709,336 43 

Expended for the foregoing objects, the expendi- 
tures, in relation to the payment of the inter- 
est and charges on foreign loans, and prin- 
cipal of the foreign and domestic debt, at 
the Treasury of the United States, and by 
commissioners abroad, were - - 167,524,588 

And the expenditures, on account of the revolu- 
tionary government, were - - 316,268 70 



Making the whole expenditures of the United 

States, to March 31st, 1815, - - $352,560,193 13 

Leaving a balance in the Treasury, at that 

time, of .... 1,597,294 7 



$354,157,487 20 



The actual receipts from the various sources of 
revenue, from March 31st, 1815, to June 
30tb, 1816. wdfe - - - $36,595,14111 



385 

The actual expenditures, during the same pe- 
riod, for the military, naval and Indian de- 
partments, foreign intercourse, Barbary 
powers, civil list, and miscellaneous civil, 
amounted to $29,503,172 57 

The expenses of the peace establishment, for 
1817, were estimated as follows, viz. : — 

Civil, diplomatic, and miscel- 
laneous expenses, - $1,765,513 3 
Military department, - 5,959,625 79 
Indian do. - 200,000 

Naval do. (including 

one million for permanent 

increase of navy,) - 3,986,658 75 



Making, .... $11,911,797 55 



Jbb 



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TABLE No. I.— continued. 



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398 
TABLE No. I.— CONTINUED. 



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399 

TABLE No. I. — CONTINUED. 



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TABLE No. I CONTINUED. 







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411 



TABLE No, I. — continued. 







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112 



TABLE No. I continued. 









• 




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Ditto 

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413 

TABLE No. I. CONTINUED. 



■ O »C CO ~* O rj" (N 



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414 
TABLE No. I.— continued. 







3 


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415 



TABLE No. I. — CONTINUED. 





3 


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95 

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416 



TABLE No. J.— CONTINUED. 





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3 


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417 
TABLE No. II. 



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COCOeXCT>C?5-HC0CO>OCOKC0CX*- 

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a^CO^C^^GO^CD^CDO'-^G^G^ CO CX CO 

co co" *<*" cT 00" to" cT t-T co" ocT ccT ex" ccT j> 

^•^cotioos-tG^coco^cooa) 
«uo^o»-<_>o-j^«GO»-i>c>(a50i> 

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CO rr 
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1- ex 



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ex" -^ co" ex" "" r-T uo" o" o" eT co" t~" 
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118 



TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED. 







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New -Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode-Island, 

Connecticut, 

Vermont, 

New-York, 

New- Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

North -Carolina, 

South-Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 























419 
TABLE No III. 

Table of the Post-Office Establishment, from 1789 to 1816, inclusive. 



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e «? 

OJ Si 




, tfliflNPl^KNOOOKOiV.VnOtOwVllflViOiOXOOiOO 

'so^^xooooixiooHOHHinKciinciciooK^rnots 
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* Net Re- 
venue. 
Dollar! 


• W5KC01v.-*K'fl^ , noOOO!0>0)CO'ONOO CNtOCOCOCO-<#T}*C^ 

h>^a^Ko^iv.^^coco^oo^c^^^o^oco > a5 > ^sjv.i-'o»-^o?c^»o 

vT oT <N <N CO CN CO CO CO <0 UD *0 vT Ch t-T tJ? CO TjT oo «o" oo o? CN CO '?*' o 
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5 — 
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(NMCO^'OKOOMOOCM'OKOOCOCa.OCO^H^C'JKOOM 




09 


noaoo<OHO<ccKioo(o*ooocioOrtaKHir)oortOK^Tii 

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»^CO^UD^G^b^»^OC^<>?CO^^t^iO^O^^'O^^CNxf<CO^COO^tv- 

cxfcr^^hTo^^ocooTc^^roiCi^orc^oc^^c^c^^^T^^Kr 


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K^^h>r^coc^^coc v f^crob^^c^'^^oo"c5"vd s ^brorcooco'-r 

CO-^VOOCN^OCri— 'C0<OC0!>?CN»00CC'-7tJ<In.^O*0C0'*OC0">*'O 
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*O^OC7) l OCTiOCOOO^J<CTits.COAO^COV5000CO^<0}OC^O OO 

NKMO>0'0'n<0>or')KONHiOO>0'-^^HCOH ' • o O 

rt«^^^>0<0<00» O H CT 'Jio K OD ©C CO tJ (O O CN 

T^i^i^i-TT-Ti-i r-TrHC^cTcN O? ' ' CO CO 


Years. 


Ci O ^ CT CO tj< ^ (O KM Ci O H CM CO ^ »/5 'O K X 3) O H (M CI t? V) 'O 
XOlO!?ffiOlClCiaOlOOOOOOOOOCO-<-iHi-iH«rt 
t^t^b,b-l^b-N-l^t^l^N.COCOC0COC0C0COCOC0COCOC0CO0CCCCOCO 



120 



.1 Statement of the annual Receipts and Expenditures of the United States, 
from the 3d day of March, 1789, vp to the 31st of March, 1815, ( exclusive 
of moneys received from foreign and domestic loans, and payments on account 
of the foreign and domestic debt, and on account of the revolutionary govern- 
ment,^) formed in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representatives of 
the United States, of the 20th of January, 1816. 



O 





c3 


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- ci ^ r.1 ci ^no k n o ci c; Ti o a « « <£) n - 31 o a oj »n 
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'-(CH©|iocOO(NKK'5<'0<C3J«3»COiON.XNC^00 1 ^ 
^"O^r.Oi^OX^KXiOOX'O'flCTOl^CT^XCTt-.X 

*fr" CO* ^ «o" *o" N. 00* b-T tC O CN CO* •-* *-* CO* irf VO N* bJ a* ■<*' C7» -<5«' ^T cn" 


CN 

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OcoOC?>KO^^^!MCMOCOlnO)^V5WXOXin-0>»ol« 

^ .- o a> — o i^ o> cc i-" ^ o-KciO'oocotv.ioiMNa)'"* o 

"^ a> °^ ^- °* "5. M *° ^ *0. ^ CJ> 'O 'O O O O^ X tC_ ■<* Oh^C'.x O 
0* ~~ O C0~ irf MD CD 00* to* "* id nT >o cn*o* O* ■<** «-*CO ■<*"• o ~* to* a>" r4" I o* 
_ >-»,-, CS nC3rt^K^h,^«rtnCO(N(Nxy3^Mr.^ai 

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co o •-< <o vo '"i oi Oi o n n >c c a b x ^ w x |X 

r- to -h b. vOb-CCN-3^ CO 00 «r> b- ~* VC|C0 
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tO O CO «^OM^^OCTiflcocMN»SK>n'-'*lO) 
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i i i i i x** co 'i -* t jC oo* "~> i nT o* vf to' bsT cn to* o o */T vT bT 1 oo* 

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CN r}< v^: js^ a> CO to CO »0 — • ^ O *o O CT> 00 OJ 
O)n<O00- <- XNN r-« »0 -* 0_ 00 00 "* CN X^ 

i i « i i i i i i rj* ^' to* ^* o* »~r io* tjT crT nT cn nT co a* to 1 to* 

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W>OCnnO>-N(C<0^xC7i'- | K'-'-0^0 , OC')>C'>e*M 

^oxvjxcnn'" , c?i r ToiN , j , ^ , 0'/;-''*oc?iOV5rao> 

O K C N C>> ^ CO ^CT O^oo r- CI K « C S-! O Tj" CN C> N Ol >fl 

i oo*" r-T t^t jC >o*" "o* r^"* a* a" oo* »-.* >o o ^* o" co~ oo**"^' nT cn"-^' "*' csf co* 

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to 
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C7> to to oo to ^ lO CO. ■— CO -o ^J> — ' CO ■* h- — CO CC "- CO CO L^ 00 1^ 
O»00tO3-»CN0^tOC7>C0t^C^b»tOC0 «tO*O»OC0iv.iO(M V> 

NOCiO.HKCi'-O^OO'oN'oKOOiHOOCXNNWNir) 
KKOtCiCX^C^fOKCO-'OXCft'MloCHO'NK'NS.cO 
■^OCOC'j'Ci'OO^CiK&J^iCti'^C'O'OOCOCNKCNO) 
oC CO* »r* •-* CO* ^ CT to* O* O O 00* O* 00* tO* NT in* '-O* to* cTro 00* ■** Cxf ®f 
C^Tl'inOXO^O-XiOCOKCncOlOTJ'CCiXHiotNOlN 
C0Tt<G^00 lO t0»0'-''00b--^ l '«3< OC>tOXCO :' tOCOCJi^O) ii 

tt* co* ■<*" rj" 10' to* N-* ts.' to" o? o" cm* o* r* e<" t}" >rT to* nT oc* co oo* co »o «-*" 


to 
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HKSK!v-KKKKN.XXOOXO)CCXIXIMCOaCCCOX»CC 






From the 4l1i Ma 
1789, to the 31s 
December, 

From the 1st 
of Jan. to the 
31st of March, 


1 



421 
TABLE Xo. IV.— coram*. 





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422 
TABLE No. IV.— continued 







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fc. ■ I 



CHAPTER XI. 



Tojtnage of the United States — Amount employed in foreign trade, and in 
the coasting trade, at different periods—Increase of American tonnage, 
from 1763 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 1810, and in the 
ports of Boston, New -York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston-Ves- 
sels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Comparative view of American tonnage, 
with that of other nations — Amount of foreign tonnage, in American for- 
eign trade, at different periods, and the nations to which it belonged — 
American navy, January 1st, 1816. 

The increase of the tonnage of the United States has been without 
example, in the history of the commercial world. This has been ow- 
ing to the increased quantity of bulky articles of domestic produce 
exported, to the increase of their population, and to the extent of their 
carrying trade. 

The actual tonnage was not ascertained, at the Treasury Depart- 
ment, until the year 1793. Previous to that time, the only account 
of the tonnage kept at the Treasury was that, on which duties were 
collected, and which included the repeated voyages made by the 
same vessels in the course of the year. 

The following is the amount of tonnage on which duties were col- 
lected from 1789 to 1792 inclusive, with its employment, in the for- 
eign trade, coasting trade, and fisheries : — 





Foreign trade. 


Coasting trade. 


Fisheries, 


1789 


123,893 


68,607 


9,062 


1790 


346,254 


103,775 


28,348 


1791 


363,110 


106,494 


32,542 


1792 


411,438 


120,957 


32,062 






In consequence of acts of Congress passed in 1792 and 1793, no 
vessel can be employed, in foreign trade, unless duly registered by 

54 



426 

the Collector of the district, where such vessel belongs, and the own- 
^r obtains from the Collector a certificate of such registry; and no 
vessel can obtain a register, unless she was built in the United States, 
or has been taken and condemned as lawful prize, and is owned by 
an American citizen. 

No vessel can be employed in the coasting trade, unless duly en- 
rolled or licensed by the Collectors of the districts. This register, 
enrolment, or license, specifies the tonnage of each vessel, and an ac- 
count of each vessel so registered, enrolled, or licensed, is annually 
transmitted by the Collectors, to the Treasury department. 

There are also other vessels employed in foreign trade, owned by 
citizens of the United States, but which, on account of being foreign 
built, or some other cause, are not entitled to a register, or to be con- 
sidered as American vessels. These vessels have however papers 
called sea letters, and are therefore denominated sea letter vessels. 
Jn 1806, the tonnage of vessels having sea letters, and employed in 
foreign trade, was eighty-seven thousand tons. 

The following duties on tonnage are paid in the United States, by 
permanent acts. 

American registered vessels, pay 6 cents per ton upon entry, 
Coasting vessels, 6 do. do. per annum, 

Fishing vessels, - 6 do. do. do. 

On the 1st of March, 1 G 17, an act was passed, entitled kt An act 
concerning the navigation of the United States," (and which was par- 
ticularly noticed in Chapter VIII.) by which registered vessels are to 
pay fifty cents per ton, unless the officers and two thirds of the 
crew are American citizens ; and coasting and fishing vessels, (with 
certain exceptions,) are to pay fifty cents per ton, unless three fourths 
of their crews are American citizens. 

American vessels not registered (having sea letters) 50 cents per 

ton upon entry. 
American built vessels, owned by foreigners, 30 cents per ton, and 

50 cents light money. 



43T 

Foreign built vessels, owned by Americans, 50 cents per ton. 
Vessels entirely foreign, 50 cents per ton, and 50 cents light money. 

By an act passed July 1st, 1812, and which was to continue dur- 
ing the war and one year thereafter, vessels belonging wholly, or in 
part, to the subjects of foreign powers, were to pa} 7 an additional du- 
ty of one dollar and fifty cents per ton. 

This additional tonnage duty on foreign vessels wouM have ceased 
on the 17th day of February, 1816; but, by an act of the 5th of 
February, 1816, was continued until the 30th of June of that year, 
and by the Treasury construction of the act of 27th April, 1816, reg- 
ulating the duties on imports and tonnage, was executed until, by an 
act of the 14th of January, 1817, the duty on foreign vessels was ex- 
pressly reduced to the old rate of fifty cents per ton, except on foreign 
vessels, " from any foreign port or place, to and with which the ves- 
sels of the United States are not ordinarily permitted to go and 
trade ;" on which, by the same act, a duty of two dollars per ton, is 
imposed. 

With respect to merchandize imported, American registered ves- 
sels pay American rates of duties, and merchandize imported in all 
other vessels, whether having sea letters, or being American built, 
are owned by foreigners,, or foreign built, are owned by Americans, 
or are entirely foreign, pay foreign duties, except British vessels, un- 
der the convention. 

By an act of the 27th March, 1804, an American registered ves- 
sel loses its American character, " if owned by a person naturalized 
in the United States, and residing for more than one year in the coun- 
try from which he originated, or for more than two years in any for- 
eign country — unless such person be in the capacity of Consul or oth- 
er public agent." 

The amount of registered tonnage, employed in foreign trade, from 
1793, to 1815, was as follows, viz. — 

Tons. 95ths. Tons. 95ths. 

1793 - 367,734 23 1795 - 529,470 63 

1794 - 438,862 71 1796 - 576,733 25 



m 





Tons. 95ths. 




Tons. 95tlis 


1797 


597,777 43 


1807 


848,306 85 


1798 


603,376 S7 


1808 


769,053 54 


1799 


669,197 19 


1809 


910,059 23 


1800 


669,921 35 


1810 


984,269 5 


1801 


718,549 60 


1811 


768,852 21 


1802 


560,380 63 


1812 


760,624 40 


1803 


597,157 5 


1813 


674, 853 44 


1804 


672,530 18 


1814 


674,632 63 


1805 


749,341 22 


1815 


854,294 74 


1806 


808,284 68 


- 


. 



And the following tonnage was employed in the coasting trade, for 
the same period. — 







Enrolled. 


Licensed. 










Under 20 tons 






Tons. 95ths. 


Tons. 95ths 


1793 


- 


114,853 


10 


7,217 53 


1794 


- 


167,227 


42 


16,977 36 


1795 


- 


164,795 


91 


19,601 59 


1796 


- 


195,423 


64 


22,416 66 


1797 


- 


214,077 


5 


23,325 66 


1798 


- 


227,343 


79 • 


24,099 43 


1799 


- 


220,904 


46 


25,736 8 


1800 


- 


245,295 


4 


27,196 91 


1801 


- 


246, l 255 


34 


28,296 91 


1802 


- 


260,543 


16 


29,079 58 


1803 


- 


268,676 


12 


30,384 34 


1804 


- 


286,840 


1 


30,696 56 


1805 


- 


301,366 


38 


31,296 73 


1806 


- 


309,977 


5 


30,562 54 


1807 


- 


318,189 


93 


30,838 39 


1808 


- 


387,684 


43 


33,135 33 


1809 


- 


371,500 56 


33,661 75 


1810 


- 


371,114 


12 


34,232 57 


1811 


- 


386,258 


70 


8,872 76 



429 





Enrolled. 


Licensed. 






Under 20 tons. 




Tons. 95ths. 


Tons. 95ths. 


1812 


443,180 75 


8,636 65 


1813 


433,404 87 


11,255 36 


1814 


425,713 59 


8,992 23 


1815 


435,066 87 


10,427 26 



The increase of the registered tonnage, or that employed in foreign 
trade, from 1793 to 1801, was three hundred and fifty thousand eight 
hundred and fifteen tons and thirty-seven ninety-fifths, having nearly 
doubled, in that short period. From 1793 to 1810, a period of se- 
venteen years, the increase of tonnage, employed in foreign trade, 
was six hundred sixteen thousand five hundred and thirty-five tons 
and eighty-two ninety-fifths. In 1793, the tonnage employed in the 
coasting-trade, was one hundred twenty-two thousand and seventy 
tons and sixty-three ninety -fifths, and in 1801, amounted to two hun- 
dred seventy-four thousand five hundred and fifty-one tons, making 
a difference of one hundred fifty-two thousand four hundred and 
eighty-one tons ; and from 1793 to 1810, the increase was two hun- 
dred eighty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-six tons. We 
have before stated the amount of tonnage employed in the fisheries in 
each year ; the increase from 1793 to 1807, was about forty thou- 
sand tons. Tables No. I. and II. contain the amount of tonnage, an- 
nually employed, in foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, owned 
in each state, from 1793 to 181 5- 

*The whole amount of tonnage, in the United States, in 1810, was 
one million four hundred twenty-four thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-one tons, according to Treasury statements. — Of this, 



Tons. 
New-Hampshire owned 28,817 
Massachusetts, - 495,203 
Rhode-Island, - 36,155 
Connecticut, - 45,108 





Tons. 


New-York, 


276,557 


New- Jersey, 


43,803 


Pennsylvania, 


- 125,785 


Delaware, 


8,190 



430 





Tons. 




Tons. 


Maryland, 


143,785 


South-Carolina, 


53,926 


Virginia, 


84,923 


Georgia, 


15,619 


North-Carolina, 


- 39,954 


New-Orleans, 


13,240 



The state of Massachusetts has many hundred miles of sea-coast, 
with numerous inlets and harbours; and many" of her inhabitants 
have always been engaged in navigation. The amount of tonnage 
owned in that state, in 1810, was more than one third of the whole 
tonnage in the United States. 

The amount of tonnage owned in the ports of Boston, New-York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, in 1810, was as follows : — 

Tons. 95ths. Tons.95tlis. 

Boston, - 149,121 85 Baltimore, - 103,444 69 

New-York, - 268,548 1 Charleston, - 52,888 16 

Philadelphia, - 125,258 15 - 

It is believed, that the shipping, belonging to the port of New- York, 
is equal to, if it does not exceed, that of any port, in the world, ex- 
cept the port of London. 

The tonnage of vessels built in the United States, from 1804 to 
1813, was as follows: — 





Tons. 95ths. 




Tons. 95ths. 


1804 


103,753 91 


1809 


91,397 55 


1805 


128,507 3 


1810 


127,575 86 


1806 


126,093 29 


1811 


146,691 82 


1807 


99,783 92 


1812 


84,691 42 


1808 


31,755 34 


1813 


31,153 40 



The tonnage of vessels built in all the ports of the British empire, 
(except Ireland,) did not exceed in any one year, during this period, 
one hundred thirty -five thousand three hundred and forty-nine. 



431 

The amount of American tonnage for 1810, as stated above, taken 
from Treasury documents, is greater than the actual amount. It was 
made from the abstracts, furnished by the Collectors of the several 
districts, in which a deduction for vessels worn out, lost at sea, or ta- 
ken and condemned in foreign countries, was not always made. 

The true amount for 1810 may be stated at about one million and a 
quarter. In 1807, the tonnage of American vessels, employed in for- 
eign trade, which entered the ports of the United States, (including 
their repeated voyages,) was a little more than one million, one hun- 
dred thousand. The tonnage of British vessels which entered the 
ports of Great-Britain, from all parts of the world, (including the re- 
peated voyages,) the same year, was abbut one million four hundred 
and eighty-two thousand. 

That the increase of American tonnage has been without example, 
at least in modern times, will appear, on comparing it with the in- 
crease of the tonnage of other commercial nations, and particularly 
Great-Britain. 

In 1581, in the reign of Elizabeth, a period so much celebrated in 
history, the tonnage of England was only seventy-two thousand four 
hundred and fifty ; an amount far less, than is now owned, in either 
of the ports of Boston, New- York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. In 
1700, the commercial tonnage of England was estimated at two hun- 
dred seventy-three thousand six hundred and ninety -three, in 1750, 
at six hundred nine thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight, and in 
1800, atone million two hundred sixty-nine thousand, three hundred 
and twenty-nine ;* having little more than doubled in each half centu- 
ry, from 1700 to 1800. The state of New-York now owns as great, 
and the state of Massachusetts a much greater, amount of shipping, 
than was owned by England a little more than a century ago. 

For many years past, the United States have owned a much great- 
er amount of tonnage, than any other nation, except Great-Britain. 

About the year 1787, the amount of tonnage, employed in the for- 
eign trade of France, was a little more than one million ; of this, 
France owned about three hundred thousand ; the rest was foreign 
tonnage. The navigation of France has decreased since that period. 

* See Chalmer's Estimate, 234. 



432 

Jn 1800, the number of vessels employed in the foreign commerce of 
France, that entered inwards, was seven thousand five hundred and 
eighty-one ; their tonnage two hundred seventy-three thousand, four 
hundred and eighty six-Of this, ninety-eight thousand three hundred 
and four tons was French, and one hundred seventy-four thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-three, foreign. The number of vessels, that 
cleared outwards, the same year, was eight thousand six hundred and 
thirty-six, their tonnage three hundred twelve thousand nine hundred 
and sixty -seven ; the French owned one hundred four thousand six- 
hundred and eighty-seven of this, and the residue was owned by for- 
eigners.* 

In 1804, the number of trading vessels, belonging to the states and 
nations around the Baltic, including those of Norway and Holstein, 
was four thousand one hundred and thirty- four, and their tonnage 
about four hundred ninety-three thousand, four hundred and seven- 
teen British.! The shipping of the Baltic has not, probably, increas- 
ed since that period. The American tonnage, therefore, is more 
than double that of all the maritime nations of the north of Europe. 

The share which foreign vessels have had, in the trade of the Uni- 
ted States, may be seen in Table No. III. containing a comparative 
statement of the tonnage of vessels, employed in foreign trade, which 
entered the ports of the United States, in each year, from the com- 
mencement of the government, to the 31st of December, 1815, with 
the nations to whom the vessels belonged. From this it will be seen 
that the tonnage of foreign vessels, entering the ports of the United 
States, at different periods, was as follows, viz. — In 1790, 251,050 
ton ; in 1796, 49,960 ; in 1802, 145,519 ; in 1807, 86,780; 
and in 1815, 212,501, and that this tonnage belonged to the fol- 
lowing nations, viz. : 





1790. 


3796. 


1802. 


1807. 


1815. 


Great-Britain, 


216,914 


19,669 


104,473 


64,727 


142,710 


France, 


12,059 


2,055 


7,659 


- 


4,054 


Spain, 


7,381 


2,449 


8,582 


687 


14,155 


Portugal, 


S,777 


637 


1,111 


2,032 


9,487 


Italy, 


- 


758 


- 


- 


- 



See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, 4th vol. p. 521. f Oddy. 



433 





1790. 


1796. 


1802. 


1807. 


1815. 


Holland, 


6,136 


301 


102 


- 


3,197 


Austria, 


459 


- 


- 


- 


567 


Hanse Towns, 


1,978 


4,987 


12,980 


4,972 


6,699 


Denmark, 


1,113 


10,430 


6,491 


7,164 


3,043 


Sweden, 


535 


5,560 


1,127 


5,330 


15,481 


Prussia, 


394 


- 


2,994 


1,275 


939 


Russia, 


- 


- 


- 


293 


12,169 



It will be noticed, that the foreign as well as the American tonnage 
stated in Table No. III. includes the tonnage of the same vessels, in 
their repeated voyages, in each year. It will also be remembered, 
that during the late war between the United States and Great-Brit- 
ain, many American vessels obtained Spanish, Swedish, and Portu- 
guese papers, and of course were entered as vessels belonging to those 
nations. 

The effects, which the late general peace in Europe has had on 
American navigation ; and in what manner the interest of American 
shipping has been and may be affected by the commercial convention 
with Great-Britain, and by the British colonial and other regulations ; 
and an account of the measures lately adopted by Congress to pro- 
mote the navigating interest of the United States, have been notic- 
ed in Chapter VIII. to which the reader is referred. 

Although the American navigation, employed in foreign trade, may 
for a time be diminished, in consequence of the competition of other 
nations, yet the extensive coasting trade of the United States will tend 
to increase American shipping and American seamen. 

While the government, by a navigation act, has lately endeavoured 
to promote and secure the commercial shipping interest, it has not 
been inattentive to the interests of the navy. The brilliant success of 
the American navy during the late war, and in the Mediterranean, 
has, indeed, made it a favourite with all parties, and justly entitles it 
to public patronage, in peace as well as in war. 

By an act of Congress of the 29th April, 1816, the sum of one mil- 
lion of dollars per annum, for eight years, was appropriated for the 
gradual increase of the navy ; and the President of the United States 
is authorized, by the same act, to cause to be built nine ships, to rate 

55 



43<i 

not less than seventy-four guns each, and twelve ships, to rate not 
less than forty-four guns each, as soon as the timber and other mate- 
rials can be procured and prepared for that purpose ; and also to 
cause to be procured the steam-engines, and other imperishable mate- 
rials necessary for building three steam-batteries. It is understood 
that several large ships are soon to be built in pursuance of the pro- 
visions of this act. To insure, in future, a sufficient supply of timber 
for the navy, by an act of the 1st of March, 1817, the Secretary of 
the Navy is authorized, under the direction of the President, to cause 
the vacant lands belonging to the United States to be explored, and 
to select and survey such tracts as are found to produce live oak and 
red cedar timber ; and the tracts thus selected and surveyed, with 
the approbation of the President, are to be reserved from any future 
sales of public lands, and appropriated to the sole purpose of supply- 
ing timber for the navy of the United States. 

On the 1st of January, 1816, the American naval force consisted of 



Ships, 


29 


Sloops, 


3 


Brigs, 


20 


Steam-Frigates, 


2 


Ketches 


3 




— 


Schooners, 


17 


Total, 


74 



Of these, five were rated at seventy-four guns, six at forty-four, 
four at thirty-six, one at thirty-two, and the residue at, from twenty- 
four to twelve. 



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TABLE No. III. 

2 Comparative statement oftlie Tonnage of Vessels entered into llie United 
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APPENDIX No. I. 



Tariff, or rates of duty on goods, wares, and merchandize, imported into 
the United States, after the 30th of June, 1816, as established by act of the 
27th April, 1816. 

I. Articles subject to ad valorem rates of duty, at seven and a half per cent , 

All dying drugs and materials for composing dyes, not subj ect to other 
rates of duty, gum Arabic, gum Senegal, salt-petre, jewellery, gold, silver 
and other watches, and parts of watches, gold and silver lace, embroidery 
and epauletts, precious stones and pearls of all kinds, set or not set, bristol 
stones or paste-work, and all articles composed wholly or chiefly of gold, sil- 
ver, pearl, and precious stones, and laces, lace veils, lace shawls or shades of 
thread or silk. 

At fifteen per cent. 

Gold leaf and all articles not free, and not subject to any other rate of 
duty. 

At twenty per cent. 

Hempen cloth or sail cloth, (except Russian and German linens, Russia 
and Holland duck,) stockings of wool or cotton, printing types, all articles 
manufactured from brass, copper, iron, steel, pewter, lead or tin, or of which 
these metals, or either of them, is the material of chief value, brass wire, cut- 
tlery, pins, needles, buttons, button moulds, and buckles of all kinds, gilt, 
plated and jappanned wares of all kinds, cannon, muskets, fire arms and side 
arms, Prussian blue, China ware, earthern ware, stone ware, porcelain and 
glass manufactures, other than window glass and black glass quart bottles. 

At twenty -five per cent from June 30th, 1816, to June 30th, 1819, and after 
that time at twenty per cent. 

Woollen manufactures of all descriptions, or of which wool is the mate- 
rial of chief" value, (excepting blankets, woollen rugs, and worsted or stuff 



11 APPENDIX NO. I. 

goods,) and cotton manufactures of all descriptions, or of which cotton is 
the material of chief value, and on cotton twist, yam or thread ; provided that 
all cotton cloths, or cloths of which cotton is the material of chief value, (ex- 
cepting nankeens directly from China,) the original cost of which, at the 
place whence imported, with the addition of ten or twenty per cent, (ac- 
cording to the places from whence imported,) shall be less than twenty -five 
cents per square yard, shall, with such addition, be taken and deemed to have 
cost twenty-five cents per square yard, and charged with duty accordingly ; 
and provided, that all unbleached and uncoloured cotton twist, yarn or 
thread, the original cost of which shall be less than sixty cents per pound, 
shall be deemed and taken to have cost sixty cents per pound, and charged 
with duty accordingly; and all bleached or coloured yarn, the original cost 
of which shall have been less than seventy-five cents per pound, shall be ta- 
ken and deemed to have cost seventy-five cents per pound, and charged 
with duty accordingly ; and provided that cotton piece goods, imported in ves- 
sels of the United States, which sailed prior to the 2fth of April, 1816, and 
arrived between the 30th day of June 1816, and 1st day of June, 1817, the 
original cost of which, at the place whence imported, shall have been less 
than twenty-five cents per square yard, are to pay, only thirty-three and one 
third per cent, on the original cost in India, and on the usual addition of 
■twenty per cent. 

At thirty per cent. 

Umbrellas, parasols of whatever materials made, and sticks or frames for 
umbrellas or parasols, bonnets and caps for women, fans, feathers, orna- 
ments for head dresses, artificial flowers, millinery of all sorts, hats or caps 
of wool, fur, leather, chip, straw or silk ; cosmetics, washes, balsams, per- 
fumes, painted floor cloths, mats of grass or flags, sallad oil, pickles, capers, 
olives, mustard, comfits or sweet-meats preserved in sugar or brandy ; wa- 
fers, cabinet wares, and all manufactures of wood ; carriages of all descrip- 
tions and parts thereof, leather, and all manufactures of leather, or of which 
leather is the material of chief value, saddles, bridles, harness ; paper of ev- 
ery description, paste board, paper hangings, blank books, parchment, vel, 
lum ; brushes, canes, walking sticks, whips and clothing ready made. The 
ad valorem duty to be calculated on the net cost of the article, at the place 
imported, exclusive of packages, commissions and all charges, with the 
usual addition established by law, of twenty per cent, on goods from places 
beyond the Cape of Good-Hope, and often per cent, from all other places. 

II. Articles subject to specif c rates of duty. 

Ale, beer and porter in bottles, fifteen cents per gallon ; the same, other- 
wise than in bottles, ten cents per gallon ; allum one dollar per hundred 



APPENDIX NO. I. 11L 

weight ; almonds, three cents per pound ; black glass quart bottles, one. 
hundred forty four cents per groce ; boots one hundred fifty cents per pair . 
bristles, three cents per pound ; playing cards, thirty cents per pack ; tar- 
red cables and cordage, three cents per pound ; untarred cordage, yarns, 
packthread and seines, four cents per pound ; tallow candles, three cents 
per pound ; wax and spermaceti candles, six cents per pound ; Chinese cas- 
sia, six cents per pound ; cinnamon, twenty-five cents, cloves, twenty -five 
cents, cheese, nine cents, chocolate, three cents, cocoa, two cents per pound; 
coal, five cents per one hundred bushels ; copperas, one dollar per one hun- 
dred weight ; copper rods, bolts, spikes or nails, and composition rods, bolts, 
spikes or nails, four cents per pound ; coffee, five cents, cotton, three cents, 
currants, three cents, and figs, three cents per pound ; foreign caught fish, 
one dollar per quintal; mackerel, one dollar fifty cents per barrel ; salmon, 
two dollars per barrel ; all other pickled fish, one dollar per barrel ; win- 
dow-glass, not above eight inches by ten, two dollars and fifty cents per one 
hundred square feet ; the same, not above ten by twelve, two dollars and 
seventy-five cents per one hundred square feet ; the same, if above ten in- 
ches by twelve, three dollars and twenty-five cents per one hundred square 
feet ; glue, five cents, and gunpowder, eight cents per pound ; hemp, one 
hundred fifty cents per one hundred weight ; iron or steel wire, not ex- 
ceeding No. 18, five cents, and over No. 18, nine cents per pound; iron in 
bars and bolts, (excepting iron manufactured by rolling,) forty -five cents 
per one hundred weight ; iron in sheets, rods and hoops, two hundred and 
fifty cents per one hundred weight , and in bars or bolts when manufactured 
by rolling, and on anchors, one hundred and fifty cents per one hundred 
weight ; indigo, fifteen cents, lead in pigs, bars, or sheets, one cent, shot 
manufactured of lead, two cents, and red and white lead, dry or ground in 
oil, three cents per pound ; mace, one dollar per pound ; molasses, five 
cents per gallon ; nails, three cents, nutmegs, sixty cents, pepper, eight 
cents, pimento, six cents, plums and prunes, three cents, muscatel raisins, 
and raisins in jars and boxes, three cents, and all other raisins, two cents 
per pound ; salt, twenty cents per bushel of fifty -six pounds ; ochre dry, 
one cent, in oil, one and a half cent per pound; steel, one dollar per one 
hundred weight ; segars, two hundred and fifty cents per thousand ; spirits 
from grain, of 1st proof forty-two cents, 2d proof forty-five cents, 3d proof 
forty-eight cents, 4th proof fifty-two cents, 5th proof sixty cents, and above 
5th proof, seventy-five cents per gallon ; spirits from other materials than 
grain, 1st and 2d proof thirty-eight cents, 3d proof forty-two cents, 4th 
proof forty-eight cents, 5th proof fifty-seven cents, and above 5th proof sev- 
enty cents per gallon ; shoes and slippers of silk, thirty cents- per pair ; 
shoes and slippers of leather, twenty-five cents per pair ; shoes and slippers 
for children, fifteen cents per pair ; spikes, two cents, soap, three cents, 
brown sugar, three cents, white clayed or powdered sugar, four cents, lump 

57 



IV APPENDIX NO. I. 

sugar, ten cents, loaf sugar and sugar candy, twelve cents, snuff, twelve 
cents, and tallow, one cent per pound ; teas from China in vessels of the 
United States, viz. bohea twelve cents, souchong- and other black twenty- 
live cents, imperial, gunpowder and gomee fifty cents, hyson and young-hy- 
son forty cents, hyson-skin and other green twenty-eight cents per pound ; 
teas from any other place or in any other ships than ships of the United 
States, bohea fourteen cents, souchong and other black thirty-four cents, im- 
perial, gun-powder and gomee sixty-eight cents, hyson and young-hyson 
fifty-six cents, hyson-skin and other green thirty-eight cents per pound ; 
manufactured tobacco, other than snuff and segars, ten cents per pound . 
whiting and Paris, white one cent per pound ; wines, Madeira, Burgundy, 
Champaign, Rhenish and Tokay, one dollar, Sherry and St. Lucar, sixty 
cents, other wines in bottles or cases, seventy cents, Lisbon, Oporto and 
other wines of Portugal, and those of Sicily, fifty cents, Teneriffe, Fay- 
al, and other wines of the western islands, forty cents, and all other wines, 
not in cases and bottles, twenty -five cents per gallon ; Russia duck, (not ex- 
ceeding fifty-two arsheens each piece,) two dollars ; raven's duck, (not ex- 
ceeding the same quantity,) one hundred twenty-five cents ; Holland duck, 
(not exceeding the same quantity,) two hundred fifty cents ; spermaceti 
oil of foreign fishing, twenty-five cents ; whale and other fish oil of foreign 
fishing, fifteen cents ; and olive oil in casks, twenty -five cents per gallon. 
All articles imported in foreign vessels, (except by treaty,) are subject to 
an addition of ten per cent, to the foregoing duties. 

III. Articles free of duty. 

All articles for the use of the United States, philosophical apparatus, in- 
struments, books, maps, charts, statues, busts, casts, paintings, drawings, 
engravings, specimens of sculpture, cabinets of coins, gems, medals and all 
other collections of antiquities, statuary, modelling, painting, drawing, etch- 
ing or engraving, specially imported by order, and for the use of any socie- 
ty incorporated for philosophical or literary purposes, or for the encourage- 
ment of the fine arts, or by order and for the use of any seminary of learning, 
specimens in natural history, mineralogy, & botany, anatomical preparations, 
models of machinery, and other inventions, plants and trees, wearing appar- 
el and other personal baggage in actual use, and the implements or tools of 
trade of persons arriving in the United States, regulus of antimony, bark of 
the cork tree unmanufactured, animals for breed, burr stones unwrqtight, 
gold coin, silver coin and bullion, clay, unwrought copper in any shape for 
the use of the mint, copper and brass in pigs, bars, or plates for the sheath- 
ing of ships, old copper and brass and old pewter fit only to be re-manufacUir- 
cd, tin in pigs or bars, furs undressed of all kinds, raw hides and skins, lapis 
cahuninaris, plaster of Paris, rags of any kind of cloth, sulphur or brimstone, 
barilla, Brazil wood, brazilletto, redwood, camwoood, fustic, logwood, nic- 
aragua and other dye-woods, wood unmanufactured of any kind, zinc, teuten- 
ogne or spelter 



APPENDIX No. II. 



TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CHINA, FOR CERTAIN PERIODS. 

The following- statement s ews the number of Sea Otter and Sealskins, 
imported into Canton, in American vessels, from June 11th, 1800, to Janua- 
ry 9th, 1803 ; also the whole number of American vessels, with the tonnage 
employed in the trade to China, during the same time, and the ports to 
which they belonged, together with the whole amount of the exports from 
Canton, to the United States, for about two years of that period. The val- 
ue of the exports was taken from the returns at the Custom-House, at Can. 
ton. 



From June 










Value 


11th, 1800, Ships. Brigs. Tons 


Tons 


Otter Seal 


of 


to April 27th, 


No. 


No. direct. 


indirect 


Total skins, skins. 


exports. 


1801. 






sealing, &c. tons. No. No. 


Dolls. 


New-Bedford, 


1 


- 


284 


284 - 48,000 


48,000 


Boston, 


5 


2 245 


851 


1,096 6,450 63,000 


sro,ooo 


Providence, R. T. 2 


- 450 


220 


680 - 56,000 


185,000 


New-Haven, 


2 


- 


500 


500 - 158,000 


139,000 


New-York, 


3 


- 988 


- 


985 


390,000 


Philadelphia, 


6 


1 1,955 


- 


1,955 - 


1,220,000 


Baltimore, 


1 

20 


- 380 
3 4,028 


1,855 


380 


200,000 




5,880 6,450 325,000 $2,552,000 



From May 




15th, 1801 




to June, 




1802. 




Nantucket, 


2 


Salem, 


2 


Providence, R. 


1.2 


Bristol, R. I. 


- 



890 



415 


415 - 99,000 


409 


409 - 119,000 


- 


890 - 4,000 


130 


130 2,000 



VI APPENDIX NO. II. 

From May Value 

15th, 1801, Ships. Brigs. Tons Tons Otter Seal of 

to June, No. No. direct, indirect Total skins, skins, exports: 

1802. sealing- &.c. tons. No. No. Dolls. 

New- York, 4 - 310 743 1,053 1,000 64,000 

Boston, 11 3 289 2,383 2,592 11,187 139,900 
Philadelphia, 8 1 2,920 - - 2,920 



29 5 4,409 4,000 8,409 14,187 426,750 $3,742,194 



From June, 1802, 








to January 9th, 








1803. 










Nantucket, 


1 


. 


240 


240 - 112,000 


Salem, 


1 


- 250 


- 


250 


Boston, 


11 


- 913 


1,773 


2,686 12,770 99,000 


Providence, 


5 


- 1,446 


- 


1,446 


New-Haven, 


1 


- 


200 


200 - 62,000 


New-York, 


6 


- 2,503 


- 


2,303 


Philadelphia, 


5 sch 


. 1 1,270 


619 


1,889 950 24,000 


Baltimore, 


1 


- 300 


- 


300 




31 


1 6,482 


2,832 


9,314 13,720 297,000 



lu the first year, six thousand four hundred and fifty 

sea Otter skins, sold at $18 per skin, §123,050 
do. three hundred and forty-three thous- 
and Seal skins sold for 276,283 



§399,333 



In the second year fourteen thousand one hundred 
and eighty-seven sea Otter skins 
sold for - - - $298,263 

do. four hundred twenty-six thousand sev- 

en hundred and fifty Seal skins sold 
for - ... 393,395 



§691,658 



APPENDIX NO. II. Vll 

In the third period, thirteen thousand two hundred 

and seventy sea Otter skins at §20 §274,000 
do. two hundred ninety-seven thou- 

sand Seal skins at 80 cents 237,600 

§511,600* 
The average value of the exports from Canton to the United States, from 
the above returns at the Custom-House at Canton, for the two first periods, 
was about three millions of dollars, and the average value of the Otter and 
Seal skins, imported during the same period, was about five hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars ; about one sixth, therefore, of all the exports from 
Canton to the United States, during these two years, was paid for in Otter 
and Seal skins. The amount of tonnage employed in procuring the skins for 
the two first periods was nearly one half of the whole tonnage, in the China 
trade. 

* For this statement we are indebted to the politeness of Sullivan Don 
Esq American Consular agent at Canton, during this period. It should 
have been inserted, in chapter VI. but was omitted by mistake. 



ERRATA. 



Page lr, line 3, from the bottom, strikeout "and" between the words 
« years and repeated w -page 35, line 7 from top, for « 1791 and 1813," read 
1795, and 1815-page 36, line 2 from top, for « 1810," read 1816-page 
48, line 21 from top, for " had" read /ms-page 50, line 2 from bottom, 
for « 1811" read 1816— page 200, line 9, from bottom— page 203, line 19, 
from top-page 216, line 2 from top-and page 225, line 10 from top, for 
« Chapter seventh," read Chapter e^/tf/i-page 243, line 17 from top, for 
« wollen" read Wfen-page 245, line 8 from bottom, for " 1S13" read 1816 
-page 298, line 3 from top, insert from British Colonies, after the word 
states-page 304, line's from bottom, for « parts" read /> r< S -page 339, 
line 8 from top, strike out the words « at par"-pagc 353, at top, stnke out 
the words "from 4th March 1789, to 31st December"-page 356, line 17, 
for « ad valorem" read advance-page 357, line 8 from top, for " that" read 
those. 



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029 765 036 1 



